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Figure 6-4 Heping Peony Garden in Lanzhou, Gansu

6 Xibei Cultivar Group

Xibei tree peony cultivars are also called Gansu tree peony cultivars or Paeonia rockii cultivars, because the middle part of Gansu Province is their center of origin and distribution. They evolved from Paeonia rockii (Ziban Mudan) which was widely distributed in the middle-south of Gansu Province. They are characterized by the blotches with different sizes at the base of each petal.

6.1 General

6.1.1 Distribution

Xibei tree peony cultivars are cultivated around the whole Gansu Province, but they are mainly distributed in the middle of Gansu, with Lanzhou, Lintao, Linxia, and Longxi as cultivation center. Their geographical distribution ranges from the west of Shaanxi eastward to the middle-south of Ningxia northward and the east of Qinghai westward (Fig.6-1 to Fig.6-8).

6.1.2 History

The Middle of Gansu Province is one of the origin centers of Chinese tree peony. However, there is seldom literature about the cultivation and evolution of tree peony in this region before the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Just based on some archaeological findings and scattered documents pertaining to tree peony, some conclusions are deduced as the followings:

Herbal Therapy Usages of Tree Peony Began in the Han Dynasty

Tree peony was used to counteract blood stasis in one prescription found in the medical bamboo slips excavated from the grave of Han Dynasty in the Baishu Xiang, Wuwei County (Currently Liangzhou District, Wuwei City), Gansu Province in 1972. It is not only the earliest record about the herbal therapy usage of tree peony in North west China, but also the first one in China (2.1). It indicates that in the Hexi region of Gansu, medical usage of tree peony has begun since the Early Dong Han Dynasty or even earlier when Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing appeared.

Ornamental Cultivation Since the Tang Dynasty

According to related literature, Zhao Y. Z., the prime minister of Emperor Tang Zhong Zong, had ever planted tree peonies in his villa built in his hometown, Xindun, Zhangye. At that time, tree peonies were widely cultivated in Chang' an, but were yet to reach their climax. It is unknown where the tree peonies in Zhao' s villa came from. Mu Dan Ji (Report on Tree Peony) written by Hu Y. Z. in the Song Dynasty recorded that in the Former Shu State, Xu Y. Q. had ever exchanged tree peonies with gold and silk from Tianshui, Gansu to plant in his house in Chengdu. This is described in detail in Shu Zong Zhi.

This historical record shows the situation from the Late Tang Dynasty to the Early Wudai Period, but based on the sentence "there was one tree peony planted in the temple of Dong Cheng Village, Qinzhou many years ago", we can deduce that tree peony had been cultivated in Tianshui region during the Tang Dynasty. Further, the

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Figure 6-1 Peony garden of Ningwo Village Hotel in Lanzhou

Figure 6-2 Peony garden of Longshou Village in Lanzhou

Figure 6-5 Hongyuan Peony Garden in Linxia, Gansu

sentence, "they dug the soil and put the plant together with around 10m² soil around the roots (Chinese unit of measure) in a wooden box", indicates that the plant was huge and the transportation was very difficult, so it was doubtless the Paeonia rockii (Ziban Moutan) cultivated in this region. In addition, Jintian Taoist Temple located in Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, which was initially built in the Tang Dynasty, was one of the biggest Taoist temples in North west China until the Ming-Qing Period. In this temple, there was one parterre where many tree peonies were planted. Today there are still many old tree peonies that are said to be the heritage of the Tang Dynasty. Judging from the preceding facts, Gansu tree peony cultivars were cultivated since the Middle or Late Tang Dynasty, and this is a little later than that of Zhongyuan tree peony cultivars. From the Tang Dynasty to the Early Ming Dynasty, the administry ascription of Gansu' s domain changed from time to time, and the cultivation of tree peony didn't appear in any document. However, some archaeological findings show that during the Song (Jin) Period,peony pattern has already been one of die important themes of the folk culture and decorative sculpture in Linxia and Lanzhou region. One example is the Jinyi Field Officer Wang J.' s brick grave built in the 15th year of Jin Da Ding (1175) found in Wang minjia Village, Linxia City in 1980. Many peony patterns were used in the sculptures and molded tilings on the grave wall. Besides, in the grave of Jin Mingchang Period (1190) disentombed in Chengguan District, Lanzhou City in 1953, there were four carved bricks with tree peony patterns on the center of the base of the coffin, and even the wall around the grave was also decorated by tree peony sculptures. This folk culture may have some relationship with the development of the local tree peony cultivation.

Cultivars Came into being in the Ming-Qing Period

In the Ming-Qing Period, especially the Qing Dynasty, there were more documents pertaining to tree peony. Xie J., the editor in chief of Yong Le Da Dian, had ever been exiled to Hezhou (Currently Linxia, Gansu Province), and had lived there for one year during 1398. He highly praised the flower affair in Hezhou, and wrote a poem Yu He Zhou. For the first time, tree peonies with different colors cultivated in Linxia were recorded in He Zhou Zhi that was edited in the reign of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1563). In addition, the Ping Liang Fu Zhi edited in the 35th year Ming emperor Jiajing' s reign (1556) also recorded tree peonies and herb peonies in Pingliang with double or single flowers and different colors. In Gu Yuan Zhou Zhi (Edition of the Ming Dynasty in Wanli' s reign), tree peony was listed as one of the local products. "Tree peony pavilion"and "Lijing Garden"was recorded in Ning Xia Xin Zhi edited in the Jiajing' s

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Figure 6-3 Peony garden of Lanzhou Arboretum

Figure 6-8 Peony garden of farmer in Longxi.Gansu

Figure 6-6 Peony garden ofLinxia Dongjiao Park, Gansu

Figure 6-7 Peony garden of farmer in Linxia, Gansu

region, and some poems in this book described the scene when people were viewing tree peonies, e.g. "all people went to appreciate 'Long Gun Gui', and no flower can be more worshipful than tree peonies ", "spreading out of the carved railings, the brilliant colors of ' Jiao Hong' and ' Nen Bai' lighten our golden colored gown"(Shang Then Shou Xi Yuan Mu Dan, Zhang X.).

Through reviewing the records of each county and state and Gansu Tong Zhi, there are 38 administerial counties, eastward to Ningxian and Zhengning in Gansu, southward to Wudu and Wenxian, northward to Minqin, and westward to Jiuquan. Among them, 33 counties (86.8%) have historical records related to tree peony cultivation. In Suzhou (currenty Jiuquan) Xin Zhi (1897), it records: "Tree peonies have four colors, i.e. red, white, yellow, and purple. Although the leaves are small, the flowers are very fragrant. Ouyang X. takes the tree peonies in Yan'an as the best, but actually, the cultivars in Gansu are even better."It is described in Ganzhou (currently Zhangye) Fu Zhi (1779) that the flowers of tree peonies can be as big as bowls. And there are tens of cultivars recorded in Hezhou Zhi (1707). It is noted that as recorded in Longxi Xian Zhi tree peonies had many cultivars, and were the most famous ones. Jingning Zhou Zhi (1746) described that "Songjia Mountain is at the southeast which is 45km away from the town and is near WuShan Mountain On the left side of the mountain, there is a valley called ' Songbai Valley', where many pine trees grew years ago, but today tree peonies are propagated there. "Jingyuan Xian Zhi (Kangxi edition) also recorded that: "We don' t have tree peony previously, but the garden in Pan's mansion transplanted some from Guyuan, Ningxia.

They bloom and bear seeds, and adapt to the climate well."In Chi Xiu Gansu Tong Zhi (1736), Qinzhou (currently Tianshui)' s tree peony cultivation is described as: "Tree peony Garden is 30km away from the town in the west southward. It is located on the west side of Panzhong Mountian. The deep fertilized soil is suitable to crop cultivation, and many tree peonies grow in the fields among stones. When they bloom, the mountain looks like a beautiful scenic picture." There are more records about the important production areas, e.g. Lintao, Linxia, and Lanzhou. In the Qing Dynasty, the famous poet Wu Z. (1721-1797) from Gansu Province sang high praises of the tree peonies in his home town, Lintao: "Tree peonies are truly auspicious flowers, and those in Didao (ancient name of Lintao) are the best with the surprising brilliance that can compare with the flowers in Luozhong."Meanwhile, he praised Baohan (ancient name ofLinxia) because "its flowers are as beautiful as those in Luoyang." He wrote: "Isn' t it really a wonder to have these beautiful flowers in Jincheng (ancient name of Lanzhou)? If I can drink good wine among the flowers, the luxurious buildings in the garden are even needless. In the north, tree peonies are just like the marshal whose heroism is well known, while in the west, they are as beautiful as the charming beauties. The beautiful scene among the bamboos along the river is just like that of the good old days."In addition, Gansu Tong Zhi edited in the late Qing Dynasty recorded that tree peonies were widely planted in Gansu, but they were more prevalent in Lanzhou where tree peonies with many colors were planted. Tan S. T. had ever described the garden of Bu Zheng Shi Si (A government department) in Gansu which was named "Qiyuan"as: "Gansu has a long history

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Figure 6-10 Peony in bloom in Heping Peony Garden in Lanzhou

Figure 6-9 The cultivar 'Taiping Hong ' introduced from Dianjiang in bloom

of tree peony production. Tree peonies planted in this garden are the best. There are hundreds of plants and each plant can bear hundreds of flowers. Some of them are even taller than the house."

From Late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China period, many tree peony gardens were built in Lanzhou, e.g. tree peonies in Deng' s Garden (the private garden of Deng B. S., former Chairman of Gansu Province) and Jintian Taoist Temple are very grand. In the spring of 1941, some celebrities in Lanzhou held a banquet for the famous Chinese painter Zhang D. Q., and this is already a much-told story.

During this period, tree peonies are also widely planted in Yinchuan, Zhongwei and Guyuan of Ningxia. In Xindun Garden in Zhongwei, the tree peony planted in Qing Dynasty is still very vigorous. According to the survey done by D. R.Huang who works in Zhonshan Park in Yinchuan, the cultivars planted in this region are also Paeonia rockii cultivars.

During 1925-1926, the original Paeonia rockii cultivars in Zhuo Ni Chan Ding Temple in Gansu Province were introduced to America and then to Europe by American scholar Rock who did field study in this region. But before the introduction by Rock, Paeonia rockii cultivars were already planted in Europe.

6.1.3. Cultivar Constitution

The Origin of the Cultivars

The phylogeny of the tree peonies which grow in the Middle Gansu and nearby areas are comparatively clear. The whole cultivars are mainly evolved from Paeonia rockii subsp. taibaishanica through cultivation. The major morphologic characteristics of them are the color blotches at the base of petals (Commonly called "purple blotches)"and the white or yellow- white colored flower center (including stigma, ovary, and filaments). Leaflets are small and incised, large quantity (more than 15). The characteristics of the cultivars vary in the following ways: (1) The blotches turn to bigger, and the color varies; (2) except white or yellow colors, the flower center can be purple or colors ranging between white and purple; (3) leaflets turn to bigger, and etc. These changes are mainly caused by cultivation or intercross, but it is also possibly the results of intermingle of other species or cultivars (mainly Zhongyuan tree peony). In 2000 Ding G. K., et al. found wild red Paeonia rockii with white center in the north part of Ziwu Mountain. In 2001, Li J. J et al. found the similar flowers in Wanhua Mountain of Yan'an. Therefore, the red-centered type and the types with other colors are caused by the inherent gene of some types of Paeonia rockii cultivars' species, or the crossbred of Zhongyuan tree peony cultivars and the local tree peony cultivars. Currently, all the Paeonia rockii cultivars have obvious blotches with different sizes, no matter they are pure-line cultivars or crossbred. As to Zhongyuan tree peony cultivars, the formerly introduced cultivars have lost except for those introduced in the past some 20 years. Based on the field survey of Li J. J. in Kang Xian County and Wen xian County in 1986, there were also some original cultivars in the South of Gansu Province where P. rockii distributes.

Cultivar Constitution

Xibei tree peony cultivars are composed by the following types: ©Traditional type,They are the cultivars that have come down from the period before 1949 when the People's Republic of China was founded. There are totally some 60 cultivars. ' Fo Tou Qing', ' Yu Hu Bing Xin', and etc. are the famous ones which are characterized by crownform-crown proliferation form.©New cultivars,They are distributed in Lanzhou, Lintao, Linxia, and Longxi of Gansu Province, especially in the Heping Peony Garden in Yuzhong that has the biggest-scaled breeding. There are 250 characteristic cultivars, and they are currently the base of the development of Xibei tree peony cultivars. (3)Introduced cultivars,This type includes Zhongyuan tree peony cultivars introduced from Heze and Luoyang, and a small amount of French tree peony and Japanese tree peony imported from Japan. They can grow well in sunny and lee place (Fig.6-9). They are mainly used to promote the view of the peony garden, and some of them are used in breeding. During 1999, Li J. J. and He L. X. introduced some

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Figure 6-11 100 years old Paeonia rockii growing vigorous (the stem diameter of 'Yaotai Chunyan ' about 16cm)

new cultivars from Pengzhou in Sichuan Province, Lijiang in Yunnan Province, and Baokang in Hubei Province. Among them, the ones from Baokang, Hubei grew normally and bloomed. While among the Xinan tree peony cultivars, only ' Tai Ping Hong' from Dianjiang, Chongqing can bloom normally, but the others from Pengzhou and Lijiang failed to develop buds.

6.1.4 Development Prospect

Currently, Xibei tree peony cultivars constitute the second biggest group of tree peony in China. The affirmance of this group in Linxia Mu Dan written by Li J. J. in 1989 had echoes around the world. In the last decade, they were introduced into many areas around China, and were exported to more than 10 countries and districts around the world. These cultivars have various blotches. They are also cold and dry resistant, vigorous and not particular to soil(Fig.6-10). Furthermore, they can be cultivated as cutting flowers and some cultivars are easy to control the bloom period. Thanks to the above characteristics, these cultivars have a great development potential in China and even around the world. Nowadays, the main issues are to resolve the disordered management of resource, improve the horticultural technique, and enhance the integrated development and utilization of resource.

6.2 Cultivation Technique

6.2.1 Ecological Habits and Growth and Development Characteristics

Ecological Habits

Paeonia rockii (Ziban Mudan), the original species of Xibei tree peony cultivars, can adapt to a wide range of ecological environment. They are cold and dry resistant and can also endure humidity and hotness to a certain degree. These characteristics have great influence on the breeds.

The ecological factors to Xibei tree peony cultivars (Paeonia rockii cultivars) are as the followings:

Temperature Paeonia rockii cultivars are mainly distributed in the areas at 930-2,450m elevation, where annual average temperature is 5-12°C, the absolute minimum air temperature is -15-28.7°C, and >10°C accumulated temperature is 1,584.2-3,824.8 °C.These temperatures benchmark decrease with the increase of elevation. Paeonia rockii cultivars can finish their life cycle when the absolute minimum air temperature reaches -30 °C at about 3,000m elevation. While, in Lanzhou, Longxi, Lintao, Kangle, Hezheng and Linxia which are at 1,400-2,100m elevation, there are more cultivars with various flower colors. In contrast, only seldom single and semi-double flowers exist in the places with high elevation and low accumulated temperature. According to the introduction situation of different places, Paeonia rockii cultivars can resist -35 °C or even lower temperature.

Humidity Humidity includes air humidity and soil humidity, Paeonia rockii cultivars can resist a wide scale of these two. The main production areas cover semi-arid and semi-humid areas.

To the semi-arid area, annual precipitation is less than 350mm, and annual average relative air humidity is 59%-62%; while to the semi-humid area, annual rainfall is 450 - 600mm, and annual average relative air humidity is above 65%. Paeonia rockii cultivars can grow normally if irrigated in the Minqin Sand Plant Garden with a 126.9mm annual rainfall, 2,643.9mm vaporization quantity, and 45% annual relative humidity.

Sun Paeonia rockii cultivars can be planted under full sun or partial shade. It requires 2,000 hours sunshine time per year. Cultivars can bloom in the places with high elevation, low accumulated temperature and short frost-free period, because of plenty sunshine and the big difference between day and night temperatures which are advantageous to the accumulation of photosynthesis product.

Soil Soil in Loess Plateau in Gansu Province developed from the yellow soil parent material. It is deep, but not very fertile. Only after a long period of cultivation, it can have a good soil structure and high fertility. It is a little alkaline having a pHS.O - 8.5 or even higher, but Paeonia rockii cultivars can adapt to it.

Based on their adaption to the ecological environment where they live, they should belong to highland cold and arid ecotype.

Growth and Development Characteristics Life Cycle and Annual Life Cycle

Life cycle: Paeonia rockii cultivars can live a long life(Fig.6-11). The period from germination, seedling, blooming, bearing seeds to caducity can be divided into some stages - infancy, manhood, agedness etc. In the infancy period, the plants grow slowly, and the seedlings need four to five years cultivation to bloom. The plants are vigorous bloomer in manhood period with the best ornamental effects. This period lasts 60 or even more years according to different cultivation condition. Then they will come into the agedness period when they fade, and measures should be taken to renew them.

Paeonia rockii cultivars tend to have root shoot. With the increase of age, a lot of adventitious buds germinate from root neck,

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Figure 6-12 Root of Paeonia rockii

and grow into root shoots, so the renew process can get started.

Annual life cycle: Paeonia rockii cultivars grow and turn to be dormant alternately with the season change in a year. The plants germinate in the spring, grow slowly in the summer, grow more roots in the autumn, and turn to be dormant in the winter. Limited by the climate factors, the growth period is markedly shorter than that of Zhongyuan tree poeny. Around Gansu Province, germination happens from the late March to middle April, blooming is from the late April to early June, and leaves wither from the middle October to early November.

Growth and Development of Organs

Buds: To the fully developed plants, terminal buds and axillary buds on the upper side of the annual branch (or the 2-3 axillary buds on the upper side of the branches) can form flower buds (mixed buds), and only the buds on overgrown branch and the shoots from the base form leaf buds. Branches developed from shoots normally bloom in the third year, but if the shoots have been dormant for two years underground and shoot in the third year, they will bloom in the same year.

The buds of Paeonia rockii cultivars come into dormant stage in the winter, and they can germinate only after they get enough cold days. However, floral primordium and leaf primordium' s requirement to winter chilling is different. The floral primordium requires less winter chilling than leaf primordium. This is the reason why tree peony can bloom normally but the leaves can' t develop well when we conduct flower forcing. 0 - 10°C chilling has good flower forcing effect.

Buds' basic life activities are growth and development. They need three years to finish their growth and development. In the first year, axillary bud primordiums are formed, in the second year leaf primordiums and floral primordiums are formed, and then the plants bloom and bear seeds in the third year. So there are always buds in three different stages of life cycle in a certain year. To the buds in the second-year period, when appropriate quantity of nutrition and flori-gen are accumulated, they will finish the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth and form flower buds.

In this transition, the form of leaf primordiums is the critical point. The development in flower bud period includes the development of flower buds (the second-year period) at the end of the summer and the beginning of the autumn and the development of flower (the third-year period) in the next spring. These two processes are not only interrelated but also independent. Flower bud differentiation begins in the middle of June, one month after the flower' s wilt. Then the bract primordiums, sepal primordiums, stamen primordiums, and pistil primordiums are formed orderly from the axillary bud primordiums. Dormancy happens in the middle or the end of October. The process of flower bud differentiation varies due to the extent to which the flowers are doubled. Before the dormancy in the year, only the formation of flower buds' configuration is finished, and they will go on with development at the end of the dormancy period. With the growth and development of primordiums of floral organs, branches and leaves grow simultaneously.

The growth of branches and leaves: Paeonia rockii cultivars are tall and vigorous. Basal leaves have more than 15 leaflets, which are small and hairy on the back. To the fully grown plants, the leaves and branches grow simultaneously and harmoniously after the flower buds' germination, so that flower buds can grow, develop, and bloom normally. At first, leaves are small and wrap to fist-liked figure, and they will open when the buds develop to wind-bell-stage, and reach the best situation before the end of the bloom season. Before the bloom season, leaves concentrate on their own growth and development, and compete with flower buds for nutrition and hormone. As a result, some buds turn to be sterile or runtish. After flower season, the product of photosynthesis of leaves becomes major nutrition resource for all kinds of growth and development.

Before blooming, growth of branches is primary growth, focusing on elongation growth. While after blooming, it turns to secondary growth, focusing on thickening growth and lignification. Paeonia rockii cultivars' branches can commonly grow 35-50cm and sometimes even longer, and this is longer than that of Zhongyuan tree peony. Because only the part with axillary buds at leaf axil can lignify and the upper part without buds withers in the winter, the actual length of annual branch is only one third of the total length grown in the year. Withering of the upper side of the branch widely happens in all kinds of tree poeny cultivars, and this shows the habit of undershrub.

Blooming process: Flower buds germination process can be divided into eight stages: burgeoning stage, germination stage, leaf appearance stage, leaf opening stage, leaf spreading out stage, wind-bell-formed bud stage, bud open stage, blooming stage. It takes 50 - 60 days from burgeoning to bloom. The time of bloom is related to the air temperature in the spring. If the spring is warmer or cooler than the normal ones, plants can bloom 7-10 days before or after the normal flower period. Furthermore, the air temperature in bloom period have more direct impact on bloom period, and high air temperature can shorten the bloom period dramatically. Air temperature, sunshine, and humidity changing with altitude can also influence bloom period significantly. The higher is the elevation, the later the bloom period comes. In Lanzhou, Gansu, The flower period is in early May in the urban areas (1,550m), while it is in the middle of May in the Heping Tree Peony Garden in suburb (1,750m) and in the late May on the peak of Gaolan Mountain (2,100m) located on the south of Lanzhou. Under the same cultivation environment, time and length of flower period vary with cultivars. Most Paeonia rockii cultivars are middle-seasoned cultivars with 20-25 days florescence.

Growth of root: Root of Paeonia rockii cultivars' seedlings is typical tap root system with obvious main root. However, adult plants have huge succulent root system, but no obvious main root (Fig.6-12).

During the growing process, root has two growth peaks. The first one is in the early spring when the steady temperature of soil at 20cm underground is 4 -5 °C. The root system begins to grow and bourgeon new

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Figure 6-13 1 year seedling (left :out of earth in spring; right:the root

Figure 6-14 1 year seedling in autumn)

Figure 6-15 5 years seedling in bloom

roots. The growth will become more active with the increase of air temperature, and keep synchronous with the germination of the buds above ground. In the hot summer, the activities of root turn to be weak and semi-dormant. In the autumn, when temperature decreases and the soil temperature is still relative steady, root system reach the second growth peak, and accumulates a lot of nutrition. The growth period of roots in the autumn is longer than that in the spring. Successful planting of tree peony in autumn or spring should be in accord with the growing rhythm of roots.

6.2.2 Propagation

Seeds and Seedling

Seed propagation used mostly to produce new cultivars and to provide understock for grafting.

Harvest Paeonia rockii cultivars can bear a large amount of seeds, and sometimes one flower can bear up to 70 seeds. Seeds begin to mature in the middle or last ten days of August. It is the time to harvest when the follicle turn to yellow with brown seeds. Dry the seeds in door or in shady and windy place and do not insolate them.

Seeding

Characteristics of seeds'. The mature seeds are egg-shaped, black and with luster. Weight of per 1,000 seeds is usually 300g, and 1kg are averagely 3,000 seeds. They have typical epicotyl dormancy characteristics. The radicle needs warm environment to grow, and embryo can grow to seedling only after the vernalization stage. Before seeding or storing in sand in the autumn, processing seeds with 500mg/L GA₃ can improve the rate of germination. When dormancy finishes, the seeds germinate and most cotyledons are visible above the ground, but if the soil is very solid or the seeds are buried very deeply in soil, the cotyledons will remain under the soil.

Seeding time: Seeding immediately after harvest and seed processing, or store the seeds in sand and seed until the radicle begins to germinate. If seeds are dry or have been stored for too long, they are difficult to germinate after seeding. This is because the seed coat is too stiff, and water can' t penetrate. As a result, the dormancy of seeds is deepend, and the radicle misses the suitable temperature to grow. Under this situation, germination of seed will

be deferred for at least one year.

Preparing seedbed: Seedbed requires fertile and loose soil. Low seedbeds are widely used around Gansu Province. After base fertilizing, dig deeply and harrow the soil, and then begin to make the seedbed. The width of bed is 100- 120cm, and low banks of earth between fields is 15cm high and 20cm wide.

Seeding method: Before seeding, soak seeds in warm water (50 °C) for 24 hours, or process them with 500mg/L GA₃ for 12 hours. When seeding, the soil should be moist. Seed in row, with row spacing of 30cm, plant spacing of 2cm. The planting hole should be 5 - 6cm in depth, and heap 2 - 3cm thick soil to cover the seeds. After seeding, seedbed should be covered by transparent polyethylene mulch and another layer of soil or straw to keep the soil moist. Arid soil is the most common reason of the difficulty in germinating. When the frozen soil begins to melt in the next spring and the seedlings begin to grow, move away the cover.

Cultivation of seedlings: Weeding and watering are the most important to the management of the nursery. When air temperature is too high in summer, shading is necessary. Having grown for one year, seedlings have 1-3 small leaves, stems are 5cm tall, and main roots are 10 cm long (Fig.6-13, 6-14). After two years of growth, the seedlings can be replanted in the late autumn or the next spring. Row spacing can range from 50 cm to 70 cm, and plant spacing can range from 10 cm to 30 cm according to different size of the seedlings. Growth rate quickens in the third year. If under good care, the seedlings can grow to 40 - 50cm in height in the fourth year, and some of them can bloom. Most of seedlings bloom in the fifth year (Fig.6-15). But if under bad management, the flower period can be deferred for 1 to 2 years.

Vegetative Propagation

Vegetative propagation is the method taking use of vegetative organs. The seedlings that are gained from vegetative propagation have the identical genetic characteristics with the parents, and can keep their good characters. It is the most commonly used seedling production method.

Grafting Grafting is the most important propagation technique. Herb peony or tree peony roots are the most common

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Figure 6-16 Grafting (left:herb peony 's roots be used for stocks; right:tree peony 's roots be used for stocks)

Figure 6-17 Layering propagation of tree peony

used stocks (Fig.6-16).

Root grafting: Choice of stock: Tree peony or herb peony' s roots can be used for stocks. If using herb peony's roots as stocks, survival ratio is high and the seedlings grow quickly, but the roots of herb peony is brittle, and the seedlings need a long period to recover after replanting. While, if using tree peony' s roots as stocks, survival ratio is low, and seedlings grow slowly, but their root systems are huge and the plants can grow vigorously after replanting. Choice of grafting time: In Lanzhou area, grafting is undertaken in the late August or late September. If the plants being grafted too late, the cuts are difficult of concrescence. But if tran parent polyethylene mulch is used, the grafting tin can be prolonged. Scion should choose the stron annual branch, and cut them into 5 - 10cm long ai ensure every scion ha terminal buds or 1 - 2 later buds. It is better to graft immediately after the scie is cut. If the scion needs long-time storage or loa distance transportation, the scion' s cut should 1 sealed and keep moist. To herb peony' s root stoc the stem should be 1.5 - 2.0cm thick in diameter, ai 15 - 20cm in length. The roots which have grown f two years are preferred, but old roots can't be use Whether the herb peony' s roots should be dried sun for 1 ~ 2 days depends on the local climate. If t air is dry and the roots are lack of moisture, thi shouldn' t be kept for long time after being dug c of soil. Methods of grafting: Branch grafting is oft-used in Lanzhou, but the survival rate varies wi cultivars. Cut grafting is often used. Cut the top the stock to flat, and then cut vertically on the ci The vertical cut should be a little longer than that the scion. Pare the bottom of the scion into cunifor figure, and insert it into the cut of stock from o side. If it is herb peony stock, we can just insert t scion into the center of cut. But if it is tree peoi stock, it should be noted that the scion'cambiums need to appressed to the stock's. After inserting, tight them with rope, a: daub the cuts with prepared sticky soil.Plant them after grafti: according to different cultivars. The soil of the garden is required be moist. Dig narrow chimbs and put grafting seedlings inside w: plant spacing of 20cm. The cuts of grafting seedlings should be'. 3cm under the ground. Then, fill soil and tread the soil carefully make the plants stable and prevent to touch the scions. The next st is to cover the scion with about 10cm deep fine earth to keep men and warm. It should be noted that they don't be watered in o

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month after planting. To keep wet and prevent them from being caught by rain, cover them by transparent polyethylene mulch.In the next spring when the buds begin to germinate, move away the mulch and the covered earth. In the autumn two or three years after planting, grafting seedlings can be set out.Approach grafting is also used. When the stocks have turned to be soft, cut the top of the herb peony stock, and flat one side of the cut with knife. Then, pare another side aslant to get a 2.5cm long cut which is a little longer than the cut of the scion. The next step is to aslant pare the scion' s bottom end, coalesce it into stock, and then tight them together. At last, daub the cuts with prepared sticky soil.

Bud grafting: When we renew cultivars or cultivate plants with different-colored flowers in one plant, bud grafting can be used. This method has been used in Linxia, Lintao, and Longxi for a long time. Square budding, T-budding or ring budding all can be used, but square budding is the best method.

Square budding graft is carried out after blooming from May to August when the bark can be pealed. First is to collect scions. After the scions are collected, the leaves on them should be cut away immediately. And then choose the well-developed buds whose width is a little bigger than length and grow on the middle of the branch. Cut a piece of bark that is a little bigger than the buds away from the stock, adhere the buds on the cut and wrap the cut with transparent polyethylene mulch. It is better to adhibit the buds on the bud-eyes of the stocks, but the buds can also survive if there are no bud-eyes. After half a month, whether the buds survive can be judged. If the buds are alive, move away the wraped transparent polyethylene mulch so that they can grow normally.

Division: Division is the most widely used propagation method in all production areas. However, propagation rate is low, the growing period is long, and the size of seedlings is irregular.

Division period is in the late September or the early October, but in the cold areas, it is a little earlier. However, in the middle of Gansu Province, the winter is long, so division is also conducted in spring before germination of buds. Growth of the seedlings divided in spring and autumn is similar. Generally, plants that have grown for more than 4 years can be used in dividing. Division and grafting are usually combined together to improve propagation rate.

Layering: This technique is widely used in the middle of Gansu Province. Although it is easy to conduct, the propagation rate is low, and it is still applicable to the rare cultivars.

After the flower season in spring, select two or three years old branches which are easy to bend, bury the middle parts of them into the earth and leave the end above ground (Fig.6-17). Another method is to girdle annual branch at its base, wrap the girdling part with absorbent cotton which have been marinated in 50-70mg/ LIAA (heteroauxin), and then bury this part of branch into earth with the end outside. Keep soil moist, roots develop in autumn, and full root systems will be formed in the next autumn. In September or October of the third year, the branch can be cut off and replanted.

6.2.3 Cultivation and Care

Site Selection

Tree peonies prefer ventilated and sunny sites with loamy and well-drained soil especially the fertile sandy loam. In Northwest China where sunshine is very strong, strong light in the noon causes the quick wilt of petaloid stamens of dark-colored flowers. In this case, it is better to plant it in a partial shade position or shade

the plants to prolong the flower period.

Timely Planting

Planting time is critical to survival ratio. In the middle of Gansu Province, autumn, from the late September to the early October, is the main planting season. Bare-root seedlings are commonly used. The size of planting hole is suitable if the roots can spread naturally inside. Using solution of ABT1 root-striking powder can help improve survival ratio. Dipping the roots of division seedlings into ANTIBACTA (Mie Jun Ling) solution before planting can prevent them from bacteria infection. Make certain that the root neck is just as high as at the ground. Spread the roots outward and evenly, compact the earth layer by layer and water thoroughly. Before the coming of winter, mound around the root to keep warm. In Northwest China, the air is dry, so the bare-root seedlings should not be kept for long time. As to the big seedlings, replanting with earth ball is preferred, but bare-root seedlings can also survive with a longer recover period. In spring, planting can also be operated at the middle or end of March when soil melts but the branches haven' t begun to germinate.

No matter planting in spring or in fall, to ensure the plants can survive and recover quickly, some issues as the followings should be noted: (1) properly trim off some leaves and branches, especially to old plants; (2) pinch off the flower buds, and prevent the plants from bloom in the same year; (3) remove the shoots germinated from the base.

Care

Plants Management

Selection of main branches: Generally, select 5-8 sturdy branches as main branches and trim off the weak ones. If the plant currently has not enough main branches, select some shoots to make up for the lack of main branches. Proper selection and preservation of main branches can make the plants well - shaped. But if keeping one main branch, we can cultivate tree-liked plant and this can make the garden more colorful.

Usage of shoots: The amount of shoots from root neck varies with cultivars. Because these branches are easier to get nutrition, they are vigorous and can impact the growth of main branches. After the main branches are selected, these shoots should be trimmed off. To the old plants, if germinating too many shoots, the old branches will wilt. But they can be used to renew the plants or make the crown of the plant shapely. Some shoots can also be used as scions in grafting.

Selection of flower buds: To the flower branches on the top of the crown, keeping one flower buds. In the next spring, pinch off some buds if they are too dense. Paeonia rockii cultivars have no significant on-year/off-year phenomenon. If the amount of flower buds is well controlled, the flowers will be large and beautiful.

Others: After blooming, pinch off wilted flowers to prevent them from bearing seeds, so that the nutrition can be used to the differentiation of flower buds. In winter, trim off the dry branches and other unorderly ones.

Soil Management

Watering and fertilizing: Although Paeonia rockii cultivars can grow in arid soil, watering and fertilizing is preferred.

Plenty of water is necessary to Paeonia rockii cultivars in growing period, but the soil can not be too humid or even waterlogged. In spring, the period from the germination to blooming of tree peony, it is droughty in Gansu Province, so watering is necessary. In addition,

[62]

watering before the winter is also critical. After the flower season, water the plants according to the humidity of the soil. In the drought period, water one time a month. Morning and dusk are proper time to water, but watering in burning sun should be avoided.

To get flourishing flowers, besides the control of flower amount, fertilizing correctly is also important. Fertilizing time should accord with the growth rhythm of tree peony. Under careful cultivation, Paeonia rockii cultivars can be fertilized tree times a year. The first time is operated after the germination to facilitate blooming; the second time is to promote flower buds' differentiation after blooming; and the third time is conducted before the coming of winter to improve the texture of soil and protect the plants in winter. The former two times mainly use fast-release fertilizer, while the last one uses more long-effect fertilizer. Actually, the fertilizing with rotted compost or manure together with some other rotted cake organic fertilizer or multiple fertilizer before winter should be paid more attention. These fertilizers can meet the needs of the whole year growth. Fertilizing can be operated together with watering. After base fertilizing, we should dig and bury the fertilizer deep into the soil.

Dig deeply to enlarge the root hole: It is necessary to dig the soil deeply to help it motted 3 - 5 years after planting. The applicable methods include expanding the hole, digging every two rows or the whole garden to make root growth easily, and enhance the growth of plants. To avoid hurting the thick roots, dig outside the boundary of plants' projection on ground. Digging after rain or spreading compost or manure after watering can keep the soil moist and facilitate the activities of microorganism in soil.

Weeding: After rainy season, timely weeding is needed. Chemical herbicide is applicable to the areas where rain frequently. It should be noted that Paeonia rockii cultivars are sensitive to the herbicide which can kill broad-leaved weed, so this kind of herbicide, e.g. atrazine, 2, 4-D butylate and etc., should not be used to tree peony seedlings, and if applied to above five-years-old seedlings, they should not be spray on the plants. For the first time to use herbicide, the dosage can' t exceed half of the maximal prescribed.

Intercrop and mixed crop: To improve the garden earth, between the rows of tree peony we can plant annual leguminous crop which can be buried into soil as green manure when furrowing the field in fall. When construct gardens, mixed crop of tree peony and herbal peony can prolong the flower period of the gardens, and improve the biochemical character of the soil. Due to the comparatively strong ability to return the nutrition, tree peony can improve the physical and chemical characteristics of plants by improving the content of nitrogen, the total quantity of microorganism and bacteria, ray-fungus and epiphyte, intension of the respiration of the soil, ammonization, and nitrification (Z.Z. Chen, 2000).

Illness and Pests

Illness and pests is not a serious problem to Paeonia rockii cultivars in Northwest China. But with the mass introduction of new cultivars, some illness and pests are introduced meanwhile. This issue should be paid more attention because this also happens in other places where often introduce new cultivars.

Illness In the humid areas or during the rainy season, leaf spot (Cladosporiumpaeoniae Pass.) and brown spot (Cercospora variicolor Wint) happen from time to time. Virus infection, such as root spot and mosaic disease, can be found in plants of some areas. During the last years, Meloidogyne spp. and hot damage are

also found in Beijing etc.

Tree poeny root spot: It is a relatively serious illness to tree peony, and it often spreads in the warm valleys near Lanzhou etc. The infected plants are weak, and the green color of the leaves is faded, looks yellow and tinted with red. To the badly infected ones, the leaves and branches will wither and even the whole plant will die. If they are dug out of the soil, we can see the root system is partly or totally rotten and in dark brown. The pathogeny is mainly Fusarium solani, or multiple infection of Fusarium and shoestring fungus (Armilariella mellea) .The hurt of grubs makes the plants easier to be infected. The symptom of this illness will appear at early April when tree peony' s leaves spread out.

The ways to prevent: (1) Crop Rotation Prevent to plant tree peonies successively, and enhance the control of chafer imago and grub. (2) Soil Processing Before digging soil, scatter 3-5 kg furane or isofenphos-methyl every 667 m² in the garden, and before planting, use 5g of furane in each hole. (3)Seedling Processing After the seedlings are dug out of the soil, dry them in the sun for two days, and trim off the damaged and the old roots. Sock whole plant into mixed liquid of thiophanate-methyl (600-800 times) and isofenphos-methyl (1,000 times) for 2-3 minutes, and plant then after drying.

Pests In Lanzhou, the common underground pest is grub, and some areas are also threatened by small ant. In other places, Slug and other pests are often seen.

Grub The general designation of scarabaeid' s larva. Their columned body is in "C"shape, milky white, and with dense brown hair. The head is bisque or filemot. Have 3 pairs of chest feet, and no pleopod. The arrangement of ventral bristle on the tail is very important to identify the imagoes of scarabaeid. Many kinds of scarabaeid do harm to tree peony. Every one to two years there will be one generation, and larvas and imagoes live underground through the winter. In the spring, when the soil temperature increases to 10°C at 10cm depth, grubs move upward, and cluster in the places which are about 20cm in depth to eat the roots. Because the root system of tree peony is very huge, the grubs hardly move to other plants. Only when the plant is dying or dead due to their hurt, they will move to the nearby plants. The plants damaged by them are weak with yellow leaves, and will die if they are badly damaged. Due to the big number of cuts caused by grubs, the Fusarium in the soil will infect the plant and lead to root spot. The ways to prevent: CD Prevent and kill the imagoes. Make use of the apparent death characteristic of the imagoes, we can shake the plants and kill them when they drop from the plants_; the imagoes which are active at night have phototaxis, and we can set up black light to trap and kill them. From the middle May to the middle of June when is the peak stage of imagoes' activities, spray 1,000 to 1,500 times solution of 90% trichlorophon, 80% dimethyl-dichloro-vinylphosphate, 40% omethoate, or 50% malathion. When the imagoes eat the plants, spray 1,000 times 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate; ©Prevention of larvas: It should be noted that we should use motted organic fertilizer or the mixture of compost and pesticide that can kill grubs. Before replanting, evenly scatter the mixture of 30% furane, 5% isofenphos-methyl (3-5kg per 667m²) and 30 to 50 kg fine sand, and dig the soil. Soak the seedlings in to the 1,000 times solution of 40% isofenphos-methyl for several seconds and dry them for one or two minutes before planting, and this can cure Meloidogyne spp. When the plants are suffering from injure, we can dig hole in the soil and pour 1,000-1,500 times solution of 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate, 25% acephate and etc.

[63] plates: Yufeng Diantou, Xinglong Yudie

6.3 Major Cultivars of Xibei Cultivar Group

*The description of cultivars in this book is according to the 9 th chapter of General Introduction in Chinese Tree Peony edited by Wang L.Y. (1997). Flower size is shown as diameter x height. Due to the seldom change of leaf figure, the branches and leaves are just briefly described, while the flowers are recorded in detail.

**Among the Xibei cultivars, most of them are new cultivars cultivated in the last two or three decades, except for the ones that are noted as traditional cultivars. Chen D.Z., Li JJ., He L.X., L.X. Cheng F.Y. and Chen F.H., Che F.F. etc. took part in the cultivation work successively, and among them Chen D.Z.' s achievement is most outstanding. In the following introduction, they are referred to as surname for short.

SINGLE FORM

'Yufeng Diantou' Single form,white . Flower size 16cm x 17cm, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with lozenge purple blotches at base. Stamens normal, filaments with red base; carpels normal, stigmas yellow or with pink, discs pink. Plants are semi-patulous, the stem of the year is relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 9, ovate, light green, a little twisted, terminal leaflets divided, lateral leaflets entire, sparsely arranged, hairy on back. Plants growth vigorous, shoots seldom. Flowers pure white, with a delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, and named by Chen and Cheng.

'Xinglong Yudie' Single form, white. Small, flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, entire, with medium-sized black flecks at base, fringe of the flecks radial. Stamens many, lower part of filaments red; disc partially enclosed by the base, serrate, tinted with red; carpels 5, stigmas light red. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, ovate, lanceolate, dark green; petiole purple brown; Plants growth average, flowers with delicate fragrance, flowers many, early mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected and cultivated in Heping Tree Peony Garden, and named by Li.

[64] plates:Xuehai Yinzhen, Xuehai Danxin, Xuehai Bingxin

'Xuehai Yinzhen' Single form, white. Buds ovate shape, medium size (17cm x 6cm), flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with brown ovate-shaped flecks at base. Stamens seldom, filaments thick and longer than stigmas, white or with light red dots; carpels normal, stigmas white; disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, light yellow. Plants almost upright, the stem of the year long (60cm), brown green. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Plants growth vigorous, shoots seldom, flowers fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. This is also a good cultivar for cutting flowers. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Xuehai Bingxin' Single form, white. Medium size, upright. Outer petals big and expanding, with brown red lozenge or ellipse blotches at base and radial strip around. Stamens normal, filaments relatively long and white, disc enclosed by the base, lobed, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants are semi-patulous, the stem of year fairly long. Big long leaves, leaflets 15, expanding, sparse. Plants growth vigorous, with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, anexcellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen. Another cultivar is ' Xuehai Danxin'whose filaments, discs and stigmas are all purple.

'Baihe Yingri' Single, white. Medium size (16cm x 7cm), flowers upright. Petals 2-3 layers, slanting expanding, with big red blotches at base, fringe of blotches with radial stripes. Stamens normal; filaments, disc and stigmas are all red. Plants are semi-patulous. The stem of year fairly long. Big long leaves, leaflets expanding, light green tinted with brown, sparsely arranged. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. It is wildly planted in Lanzhou, Linxia and Lintao.

'Baihe Liangchi' Single, white. Relatively big (20cm x 8cm), flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, big and expanding, with big diamond or long elliptic red blotches at base, the fringe of blotches is radial. Stamens normal, lower part of filaments purple, disc enclosed by the base, tinted with purple, stigmas cuticolor. Plants are semi-patulous; the stem of year is relatively long, thick and strong. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, dark gres expanding, sparsely arranged, sparsely ha: on back, petiole sinus yellow. Fast grow with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated Chen, and named by Chen and Cheng.

'Pandeng' Single, white. Peach-liked buds, flowe medium size (16cm x 7cm). Outer petals layers, with very big nigger-brown blotch at base. The radial blotches extend to t upper part of the petals, and tinted with re No stamen, disc partially enclosed by t base, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white. Plants are patulous, and the stem of yeai relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized long leaf a little small, leaflets 15, green with brown tin: hairy on back. Medium growth, shoots f& fragrant, late mid-blooming. It has very big brown blotches which extend upwards, and so it named. An excellent cultivar. Selected and cu vated by Chen, and named by Li.

'Zhaoxia Yingri' Single form, white. Relatively small a upright. Petals 2-3 layers, with medium-size purple blotches at base, approximately round. Stamens seldom, filaments slim, long, and upright, white; disc enclosed by the base, white; carpels 5, yellow-white. Plants a little patulous, medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, a little involute. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, early mids-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[65] plates: Shusheng Pengmo, Baihe Liangchi, Baihe Yingri, Pandeng, Zhaoxia Yingri, Bingshan Xuelian

'Shusheng Pengmo' Single form, white. Medium size (18cm x 7cm), flowers upright. Outer petals big and expanding, with big black ovate or radial strip, penetrat back. Stamens normal, filaments light-red, disc and stigmas ivory. Plants almost upright, the stem of year fairly long. Big round leaves, leaflets 15, ovate shape, dark green, expanding. Fast growth, flowers big and with delicate fragrance, early blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen, international registered by Cheng.

'Bingshan Xuelian' Single form, white. Buds peach liked, flowers a little big (20cm x 9cm), flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, big and expanding with elliptic black flecks. Stamens normal, filaments, stigmas and disc white or yellow-white. Plants almost upright, the stem of year green with brown tinge (30cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, expanding, dark green, hairy on back. Fast growth, shoots many, fragrant, early-blooming, good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, and it is also called ' Heping Lian'.

[66] plates: Hengkong Chushi, Xiongmao, Tongxin Tongde, Jufen Sanbian

'Hengkong Chushi' Single form, white. Small size (15cm x 6cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with big brown blotches at base, long ellipse, 1/2-2/3 of petals' length, fringe of the blotches radial. No stamens, carpel many, stigmas yellow; discs remained, yellow. Plants a little patulous, medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9(15), dark green, parted, a little involute. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected by Chen and named by Li.

'Xiongmao' Single form, white. Medium size (16cm x 7cm), upright or a little lateral. Petals big, soft and twisted, with very big round or near elliptic black blotches at base, fringe of the blotches radial and transparent. Stamens normal or remained, filaments white or sandy in middle part, anthers with purple arrow-liked stripes at base; carpels normal, stigmas yellow-white; disc remain, white. Plants almost upright, the stem of year relatively long. Small long leaves, leaf color dark green, fringe brown, leaflet a little involute, thin, hairy on back. The strong contrast between the white petals and the bid sooty blotches is quite arresting. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Tongxin Tongde' Single form, sometimes anemone form, white. Buds peach-shape, flowers small (12cm x 6cm). Outer petals 2 layers, lateral, with big ovate black blotches at base; inner petals soft and twisted, petaloid. Stamens ramain, filaments white with brown tinge; carpels glaucousl, stigmas yellow; discs enclosed by the base, lobed, white. Plants are semi-patulous, new branch relatively long (30cm), green with brown tinge. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected ,cultivated and named by Chen.

'Jufen Sanbian' Single form, pink. Big and lateral. Outer petals big and expanding, with big round amaranthine blotches at base, fringe of the blotches radial, transparent. Stamens normal, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow or with pink tinge; disc partially enclosed by the base, lobed, pink. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15 (19), slanting, dark green with brown tinge; terminal leaflets wide obovate, parted, lateral leaflets long elliptically lanceolate. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, early-blooming, cultivar performance medium. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[67] plates: Yinsi Dabai, Zongban Bingxin, Baibi Lanxia, Heilongtan

'Yinsi Dabai' Single form, ivory. Big size (21cm x 9cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, very big, with brown near diamond blotches and radial stripes at base. Stamens seldom, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc thick vesicle liked, enclosed by the base, yellow. Plants are semi-patulous. Big round leaves, leaflets 9(15), leaves big, dark green, terminal leaflets 3 parted, lateral leaflets parted, hairy on back. Petiole sinus yellow, upper end nigger-brown. Medium growth, mid-blooming, with delicate fragrance, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Li.

'Zongban Bingxin' Single form, white. Medium to big (18cm x7cm). Outer petals big, with big brown ovate blotches at base, fringe of the blotches radial. Stamens seldom, filaments thick and long, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white; disc enclosed by the base, white. Plants are a little patulous. Leaves medium-sized, leaflets 15, a little involute, dark green, petiole sinus brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Baibi Lanxia' Single form, white with pink blue tinge. Medium size (18cm x 8cm), flowers upright. Outer petals expanding, end of the petals azury with red stripes, with big brown ovate blotches at base, fringe of the blotches radial. Stamens normal, filaments white at the top and purple at base, disc enclosed by the base, lobed, yellow-white, stigmas white. Plants are semi-patulous, the stem of year relatively long (30cm) Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets involute, dark green, sparsely arranged, hairy on back. Growth rate medium, fragrant, mid-blooming, cultivar performance medium. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen, and internationally registered by Cheng.

'Heilongtan' Single form, white. Flowers big (22cm x 10cm), upright. Outer petals very big, 2 layers, with black blotches and radial stripes at base, blotches on the back also big. Stamens seldom, filaments white or turn to filar leftover; carpels 5, stigmas big and flat, yellow-white; disc granular, yellow-white. Plants almost upright, stem thick and strong, with brown tinge. Big leaves, leaflets 21(25), hairy on back, petiole sinus red. A strong grower, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[68] plates: Hongfa Monü , Baijuandie, Shuanghuabai

'Hongfa Monü' Single form (or anemone form), white. Medium size (17cm x 7cm), flowers upright. Outer petals 2-3 layers, expanding, with big amaranthine blotches at base. Number of stamens medium; filaments very long, with purple tinge at the middle part, and the other parts all in white, seldom petaloid; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed by the base, white.

Plants are a little patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, dark green, slightly involute, hairy on back, petiole sinus rufous. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Baijuandie' Single form, white. Medium size (16cm x 7cm). Petals 2 layers, obovate, with dark amaranthine and elliptic blotches at base, fringe of the blotches radial. Stamens remains; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white; bottom of discs enclosed by base, yellow-white. Plants are a little patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets a little twisted, sparsely arranged. Medium growth, mid-blooming, good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, and originally named ' Yizhanmo'.

'Shuanghua Bai' Single form, white. Medium size. Outer petals 2 layers, petals long obovate, with amaranthine nearly long triangular blotches at base, surrounding purple stripes radial, penetrate back, with rib-liked white stripes on the petals' back. Stamens seldom, filaments long with light purple at base; carpels 5,stigmas red; disc enclosed by the base with purple tinge. Plants almost upright, branches thick and strong. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, elliptically lanceolate, sparsely hairy on back, petiole sinus rufous. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Zongban Bai' Single form, white. Medium-small (16cm x 7cm). Outer petals 2 layers, petals wide obovate, with big brown blotches at base. Stamens sparse, filaments light red; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed by the base, white to yellow. Plants almost upright. Middle-sized long leaves, Leaflets 15, long elliptical, sparsely hairy on back. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[69] plates: Zongban Bai, Heifa Nülang, Meirangong, Yulong Bei, Yinxu Yudie

'Meirangong' Single form or anemone form, white. Peach-liked buds, flowers small (14cm x 6cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with black elliptic blotches at base, petals in the center narrow. Stamens many, filaments long and black; carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, lobed, white. Plants almost upright, new branches relatively long (30cm), green tinted with brown; medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, shoots many. Fragrant, mid-blooming, good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Heifa Nülang' Single form, white. Buds peach liked, flowers small (15cm x 6cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with big brown blotches at base, fringe of the blotches is radial, obviously penetrate back. Stamens sparse, lower part of filaments black; disc partially enclosed by the base, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white. Plants almost upright, the stem of year relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 9, nearly ovate, often incised, sparse, hairy on back. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yulong Bei' Single form, cup-shaped, white. Buds ovate, flowers small, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, nearly upright, with medium-sized approximately ovate black blotches at base, fringe of the blotches radial and penetrate back. Stamens seldom, filaments green white; disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, white; carpels normal, a little hairy, green white or yellow white. Plants upright, the stem of the year relatively long (30cm), light green tinted with brown. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 9, ovate, dark green, a little twisted, hairy on back. Growth rate common, shoots seldom, with a light fragrance, a late blooming and good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yinxu Yudie' Single form, pure white. Small size (15cm x 6cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, fringe entire, with big black purple blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens seldom and their heights irregular, filaments white; disc enclosed by the base, parted, white; carpels 5, yellow. Plants are a little patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leafletslS, almost lanceolate, dark green, involution, hairy on back, petiole sinus brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, early mid-blooming, good good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Heping Tree Peony Garden, and named by Li.

[70] plates: Shanhua, Huanghe, Xinxing

'Shanhua' Single form, pink. Small size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with big round brown red blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens relatively many, filaments brown red; disc enclosed by the base, white; carpels 5-7, stigmas yellow. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, incised, involute, dark green, dense. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Li.

'Huanghe' Single form, yellow. Medium size (18cm x 8cm). Outer petals big, 2 layers, with medium-sized dark purple or black blotches at base, ovate, radial strip, penetrate back. Stamens many, filaments light yellow with white end, often petaloid; carpels normal, disc enclosed by the base, lobed, yellow-white as well as stigmas. Plants upright, the stem of the year tinted with brown. Large-sized round leaves, leaflets above 15, dark green tinted with brown, involute, thick, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted, hairy on back. Fast growth, shoots many, with a ligh fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellen cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named b; Chen.

'Xinxing' Single form, pink. Flowers size mediurr to big (19cm x 8cm), upright. Outer petals * layers, petals obovate, with black triangular blotches at base, fringe of the blotches with purple stripes, two lateral radial stripes. Stamens many, lower part of filaments purple carpels 5, stigmas red; disc enclosed by the base, dark purple. Plants almost upright, the stem of yeai relatively long(41cm) and a little thick. Big round leaves, leaflets 15, medium to big, £ little sparse, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted. Hairy on back, petiole sinus rufous. A strong grower, mid-blooming, and a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Guangmang Sishe' Single form, pink. Medium size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, regular, expanding, with small brown blotches at base, fringe of the blotches radial. Stamens many, filaments, seldom red; carpels 5, stigmas red; disc enclosed by the base, amaranthine. Plants almost upright, new branches rela-tively long; Big long leaves, leafletslS, expanding, green tinted with brown. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming. Upper pait of petals green white with some pinkish stripes extended from the blotches. Selected and cultivated by Chen, and named by Chen and Cheng.

[71] plates: Baoliandeng, Guangmang Sishe, Guanghui, Hongguang Manmian, Ziye Fen, Fenjinyu

'Guanghui' Single form, pink. Small size (15cm x 6cm). Petals 2 layers, expanding, with big ovate dark purple blotches and radial strip at base. Stamens many, filaments light red; carpels 5, stigmas red; disc closely enclosed by the base, red. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, expanding, dark green. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, and a good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, and its original name is 'Tianjing Nülang'.

'Hongguang Manmian' Single form, pink. Big size (20cm x 8cm), upright or a little lateral. Outer petals big and expanding, with very big round black or purple red blotches at base. Stamens seldom, filaments red or white; carpels 5, stigmas red; disc remaining, pink. Plants are a little patulous, and new branches are relatively long. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, light green, expanding. Growth rate common, fragrant, flowers many, mid-blooming, good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Baoliandeng' Single form, pink. Medium to big size (19cm x 8cm), upright. Outer petals big and expanding, with medium-sized elliptic brown blotches at base, radial stripes, a little penetrate back. Stamens normal, filaments pinkish, disc partially enclosed by the base,parted, pink, stigmas yellow. Plants almost upright, the stem of year long (62cm). Large-sized long leaves, aslant or expanding, dark green tinted with brown; leaflets dense. Fast growth, often 2 - 3 flowers on one branch, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. The end of the petals is dark, color of the base is light, the inner petals raise, and the fringe of the petals is a little involution, so it looks like a lotus light. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Ziye Fen' Single form, pink. Buds peach-shape, flowers medium small (15cm x 6cm). Outer petals 2 layers, with red stripes on the end and with black rhombic blotches at base. Stamens many, filaments red; carpels green white, stigmas white; disc parted, white. Plants patulous, the stem of year short (15cm), brown green. Small-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, ellipse, the upper side of the leaves brown purple. Slow growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Fenjinyu' Single form, dark pink. Medium size (18cm x 8cm), flowers lateral. Outer petals expanding, with big ovate dark amaranthine blotches at base, the fringe of the blotches radiated, penetrate back. Stamens many, filaments red; carpels normal, stigmas white; disc remaining, white. Plants upright, the stem of year is relatively long (45cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, terminal leaflets parted, leaflets a little big, light green, a little twisted, dense, hairy on back. Fast growth, shoots many, fragrant, mid-blooming, good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[72] plates: Fen He, Fenchi Yingyue, Xuehai Feihong, Fenxia Yingri

'Fen He' Single form, light pink. Buds peach liked, flowers medium size (17cm x 8cm), upright. Outer petals regular, expanding, with big round purple red blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens normal but seldom; filaments light red or light amaranthine; carpels normal, stigmas pink; disc enclosed by the base, light purple. Plants are semi-patulous, and the stem of year is relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, ellipse, dark green, a little twisted, hairy on back. Growth rate common, shoots seldom, fragrant, mid-blooming. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen. It can be seen in many places.

'Fenchi Yingyue' Single form, pink. Medium to big size (18cm x 7cm), upright. Petals 2-3 layers, petals big, with big round deep red blotches at base, fringe of the blotches is radial. Stamens many, anther plump, filaments thick and long, the lower part light red; disc partially enclosed by the base, white; carpels 5; stigmas light yellow. Plants a little patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, dark green. Medium growth, with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Fenxia Yingri' Single form, light pink. Buds ovate shape, flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm). Outer petals 2 layers, with big purplish red blotches at base, the middle part of petals with red stripes. Stamens many, filaments bright red; carpels normal, stigmas red; disc enclosed by the base, amaranthine. Plants upright, the stem of year relatively long (30cm), brown green. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, ellipse, hairy on back. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming; a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Xuehai Feihong' Single form, pinkish white. Buds peach-liked, flowers medium to big size (19cm x 8cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with elliptic black blotches at base, wide radial red stripes extending from the blotches to the middle part of the petals. Stamens seldom, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas white, disc, parted, white. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long (38cm), light green tinted with brown. Leaflets 9, dark green, ovate. Fast growth, shoots seldom, fragrant, mid-blooming , a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Gaoyuan Fengqing' Single to anemone form, light pink. Medium size. Outer petals 2 layers, with big nearly long ovate black blotches at base. Big stamens inside, filaments very long, blackish purple, or petaloid; disc enclosed by the base, white tinted with red, carpels 5, stigmas red. Plants a little patulous. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, parted or incised. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[73] plates: Gaoyuan Fengqing, Beijiguang, Hongzong Liema, Yunque, Danfeng Lingkong

'Beijiguang' Single form, pink. Buds peach-liked, flowers small (12cm x 6cm). Outer petals 2 layers, with big diamond brown red blotches at base, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Some petals with pink stripes. Stamens relatively many, filaments dark purple red or black; carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed by the base, parted, white. Plants almost upright, the stem of year relatively long (30cm), brown green. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming, an relatively excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Hongzong Liema' Single form, pink. Medium size (17cm x 7cm). Petals 2 layers, with medium big nearly ovate shaped purplish red blotches at base, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens many, the middle and lower parts of filaments light red; carpels 5, stigmas red; disc closely enclosed by the base, tip lobed, purplish red. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green tinted with bronze. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yunque' Single form, light pink. Medium size (16cm x 7cm). Petals 2 layers, big and expanding, fringe white-pink, with ovate black blotches at base, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens many, filaments white; disc partially enclosed by the base, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white. Plants a little patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, long ellips, a little involution, hairy on back. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, early mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Danfeng Lingkong' Single form, light red. Medium size (17cm x 7cm), flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, big and elegant, with dark purple stripes at base. Stamens many, filaments purplish red; disc and stigmas yellow-white. Plants a little patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, a little lanceolate, tinted with brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[74] plates: Juyuan Chun, Hezhou Hong, Juyuan Shaonü, Youyi

'Juyuan Chun' Single form, tangerine. Flowers medium to small size (16cm x 7cm), lateral drooping. Outer petals expanding, with diamond reddish brown blotches at base, big, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens many, anther plump, filaments purplish red; carpels normal, stigmas yellow-white; disc enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants upright, the stem of year relatively long (37cm), thick and strong, tinted with brown. Medium-sized long leaves, leaf color dark green, tinted with brown, leaflets 9, expanding, parted, thick, petiole sinus purplish red. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, late mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. This cultivar is seldom seen in northwestern China. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Juyuan Shaonü' Single form, light red. Medium small size (16cm x 7cm). Outer petals 2 layers, with long ovate black flecks at base. Stamens many, filaments thick and long, middle and lower parts light red; disc partially enclosed by the base, slit, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white. Plants are a little patulous. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets relatively big, expanding, terminal leaflets parted. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Youyi' Single form, cup-shaped, dark green. Flowers small, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with big black transparent blotches at base big, accounting for 1/2 of petals, stamens seldom, filaments long, red or purple; carpels 5, disc enclosed by the base, discs and stigmas both red. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, involution, dark green, hairy on back. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Hezhou Hong' Single form, bright mauve. Small size (15cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals expanding, with big long elliptic black blotches at base, pistils and stamens normal; filaments white, disc and stigmas both red. Plants upright, the stem of year relatively long. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, thin. Fast growth, shoots many, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, florescence is relatively long, an excellent cultivar. It is used in tree peony bark production.

[75] plates: Zaoyuan Hong, Honghai Yinzhou, Mochi Shenghui, Yanzhi Hong

'Zaoyuan Hong' Single form, purplish red. Buds peach liked, flowers medium size (17cm x 8cm). Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with big elliptic black radial blotches, with big black blotches at back. Stamens many, filaments red or purple; carpels normal, stigmas red; disc enclosed by the base, lobed, purple. Plants are a little patulous or upright, and the stem of year is relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, long ovate, light green, a little twisted, hairy on back. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, early blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen. This cultivar is also called 'Guangong Hong'.

'Yanzhi Hong' Single to anemone form, red. Small size (15cm x 7.5cm), flowers upright; outer petals 2 layers, petals big, expanding, with ovate triangle reddish brown or purplish red blotches at base, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes; blotches on the back reddish brown, upper part white, inner petals differentiate from out to inner, involution, many with half petaloid stamens or white anther, or filaments protraction, reddish brown; carpels normal, stigmas light red; disc enclosed by the base, lobed, light red. Plants upright, the stem of year relatively long, thick and strong. Medium-sized round leaves big, leaflets 15, light green, many parted, hairy on back, petiole sinus light red. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming , an excellent cultivar. A traditional cultivar in Lin Xia.

'Honghai Yinzhou' Single form, red. Buds peach-liked, medium size (17cm x 8cm). Outer petals a little big, with medium big sector penetrate back purplish black blotches at base, stamens many, filaments white; carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed by the base, white. Plants almost upright, the stem of year relatively long (30cm), brown green. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, tinted with brown, hairy on back. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Mochi Shenghui' Single form, red. Medium size. Outer petals 2 layers, with big round or irregular shaped black blotches at base, glistening. Stamens only with seldom filaments; bottom of disc enclosed by base, light red; carpels 5, stigmas light red. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, narrow and long, a little involution, hairy on back. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, and named by Li.

[76] plates: Honghai Danxin, Hongpao Yinzhen, Honglian, Bingxin Honglian

'Honghai Danxin' Single form, red. Buds peach-liked, flowers medium size (16cm x 7cm), flowers upright. Petals expanding, with ovate shaped purplish red blotches at base, with radial strip. Pistils and stamens normal, filaments purple or bright red, disc partially or totally enclosed by the base, red, stigmas bright red. Plants upright or a little patulous, the stem of year is relatively long (30cm), green tinted with brown. Large-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, fringe in purple, a little twisted, sparse, hairy on back. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, and named by Chen and Cheng.

'Hongpao Yinzhen' Single form, rosy to purplish red. Flowers medium to big (19cm x 9cm), flowers upright or a little lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, big, with big long elliptic black blotches at base, fringe with radial penetrate back stripes. Inner stamens seldom, filaments milky white; carpels normal, stigmas and disc purplish red. Plants are semi-patulous, big. Large-sized round leaves, leaflets 21 (23), a little involution, terminal leaflets parted, with many splits, hairy on back, petiole sinus light brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming. Purplish red petals with stamens with seldom regular white filaments, so it is named ' Hongpao Yinzhen'. Selected, cultivated and named by Li and He.

'Honglian' Single form, red. Flowers medium small (15cm x 7cm), flowers upright. Petals expanding, end with white tinge, with ovate shaped medium big black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, pistils and stamens normal, filaments white or purplish red at middle or lower part; disc enclosed by the base, disc and stigmas are both pink. Plants are patulous, the stems of year is relatively long, one branches often bloom two flowers. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 19, light green, involution, sparsely arranged. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[77] plates:Longshou Hong, Hong Yangfei, Mu'ai, Yulan Zi

Also having ' Bingxin Honglian'. Center, stigma, disc are all white or yellow-white, and this is very arresting, and charming.

'Longshou Hong' Single form, dark red, Medium size (16cm x 7cm), flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, fringe entire, with big black with glistening blotches at base, and wide white carina. Stamens medium many, middle and lower parts of filaments are red; carpels 5, disc enclosed by the base, disc and stigma are yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous, new branches long, thick and strong, tinted with brown. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, a little expanding, often with incised. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, flowers many, bright-colored, early mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Recorded by Li Jiajue in Lanzhou Longshou Country Villa.

'Hong Yangfei' Single form, red. Flowers medium to big (20cm x 9cm). Outer petals big, 2 layers, with medium big ovate shaped reddish brown blotches at base, fringe with lustrous radial stripes. Stamens many, filaments long, middle and lower parts are purple; carpels 5, stigmas yellow, tinted with pink fringe, disc tinted with purple. Plants are patulous, the stems of year long. Medium-sized round leaves, dark green, leaflets 15, involution, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, hairy on back. A strong grower, flower big and many with light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Cultivated in Lanzhou Ningwo Village.

'Mu'ai' Single form, reddish purple. Flowers medium small (15cm x 6cm), flowers upright. Outer petals wrinkle and slanting, with elliptic big black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, with white wide carina at back. Stamens small, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas bright red; red disc partially enclosed by the base. Plants are semi-patulous, and the stem of year is relatively long. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 25, involution, dense, leaf color light green, petiole sinus purple. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming; an excellent cultivar. Because at the beginning of bloom, the inner petals cluster closely around the center and this looks just like a mother is caring the baby, it get its name. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yulan Zi' Single form, reddish purple. Buds ovate shaped, flowers small (15cm x 6cm), flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with round black blotches at base. Stamens seldom, filaments red; carpels normal, green white, stigmas red; disc enclosed by the base, parted, red. Plants upright, the stem of year short (20cm), brownish green. Small round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green tinted with brown, hairy on back. Medium growth, with a light fragrance; mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[78] plates: Bingxin Zi, Zidie Chuyu, Mohai Danxin

'Bingxin Zi' Single or Lotus form, reddish purple. Medium size, flowers upright. Outer petals big, with medium big black transparent blotches at base; inner layers petals corrugated, tinted with black on petals. Stamens seldom, filaments white or middle or lower parts light red; carpels 5, bottom of disc enclosed by base, disc and stigmas are both white. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, expanding. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming; a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Zidie Chuyu' Single form, reddish purple. Buds peach liked, flowers small (15cm x 6cm). Outer petals 2 layers, corrugated soft and twisted, fringe corrugated, with elliptic black blotches at base, lustrous. Stamens many, lower part of filaments is red; disc partially enclosed by the base, reddish purple; carpels 5, stigmas red. Plants almost upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 9, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted or splits, fringe tinted with brown, hairy on back. Growth rate common, shoots many. Fragrant, early blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Mohai Danxin' Single form, purplish red. Flowers medium to big, flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, inner petals upright, cup-shaped, with big black blotches at base. Stamens many, filaments purplish red; carpels 5, stigmas red; disc enclosed by the base, purplish red. Plants almost upright. Small-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, upper parts with many leaves tinted with bronze color. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Zitan Yuzhu' Single form, reddish purple. Outer petals 2 layers, a little involution, with medium big black blotches at base, the fringe of the blotches with radial stripes, stamens seldom, middle and lower parts of filaments are light red; disc enclosed by the base, yellow-white; carpels 5, stigmas light yellow. Plants a little patulous. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 9(15), terminal leaflets parted to divided, a little involution, petiole brown. Medium growth; with a light fragrance, late: mid-blooming. Cultivated in Lanzhou. Ningwo Village Hotel.

'Zijuan' Single form, reddish purple. Flowers, medium to big (19cm x 8cm). Outer petals 2. layers, petals big, with round black blotches-at base, lustrous, penetrate back, with wide-white carina. Stamens many, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas red; disc enclosed by the-base, end serrate, purplish red. Plants semi-patulous, new branches relatively long (34cm). Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 23(27), a little involution, light green, hairy on back, petiole sinus light red. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Li.

'Zidie Yingfeng'

Single form, purple. Medium to big, upright. Petals big and expanding, with very big ovate shaped or semi-elliptic shaped blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens many, filaments red; carpels normal, stigmas yellow-white; disc partially enclosed by the base, lobed, milky yellow. Plants patulous, the stems of year relatively long. Large-sized long leaves, light green tinted with brown, leaflets expanding, thin. Fast growth, flowers often with fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. The flowers of this cultivar are colorful, they like colorful butterflies dancing when wind gently blow, so it is named as "Zidie Yingfeng". Selected, cultivated and named by Chen, internationally registered by Cheng.

[79] plates: Zitan Yuzhu, Zijuna, Zidie Yingfeng, Wangyue, Yingri Hehua, Yeguangbei, Bingxin Yieguangbei

'Wangyue' Single form, cup-shaped, light blue. Small size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big ovate black blotches at base; carina on backs of petals with radial white stripes on two sides. Stamens many, lower part of filaments light red; carpels 5; stigmas and disc are both yellow-white. Plants almost upright. Small-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, long ovate, green tinted with brown, petiole brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yingri Hehua' Single form, red. Buds peach-liked, flowers medium size, flowers upright. Petals 2 layers, fringe corrugated, pink, with big black blotches at base. Stamens many, filaments purplish red; disc enclosed by the base, parted, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants almost upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm), green tinted with brown. Small-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, ovate, dark green, involution, hairy on back. Medium growth, shoots seldom; fragrant, early blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yeguangbei' Single form, purplish black. Flowers medium small (16cm x 7cm), flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, often upright like cup-shape, with medium big elliptic black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, stamens many, middle and lower parts of filaments purplish red; carpels 5, disc enclosed by the base, disc and stigmas purplish red. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long. Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, light green tinted with brown, a little twisted, thin, dense arrangement, hairy on back, petiole sinus purplish red. Fast growth, fragrant, early blooming, an excellent cultivar. The shade of color varies with different cultivation environment. Petals are easy burnt in strong light, and it should be cultivated in shade environment. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen. Its parents include classic cultivar 'Zhusha Hong'.

Also having 'Bingxin Yeguangbei'. Center, stigma, and disc are all white or yellow-white.

[80] plates: Heixuanfeng, Heifengdie, Hei Long

'Heixuanfeng' Single form, purplish black, Flowers Small (14cm x 6cm), flowers upright. Outer petals big and flat spreading, with ovate medium big purplish black blotches at base. Stamens seldom, middle and lower parts of filaments are red, stigmas milky yellow or red, disc enclosed by the base, lobed, light purple. Plants upright, branches many, the stems of year relatively long. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, light green tinted with brown, a little twisted, sparse, sparsely hairy on back, petiole sinus red. Fast growth, flowers many, light fragrant, early blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen, and internationally registered by Cheng.

'Heifengdie' Single form, purplish black. Medium size (16cm x 9cm), flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, big and corrugated, fringe irregular parted, with big ovate shaped to elliptic purplish black blotches at base. Stamens seldom, middle and lower filaments are purplish red; carpels 5, discs partially enclosed by the base, disc and stigmas purple or purplish red. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long. Medium-sized round leaves; leaflets 15, light green, a little twisted, sparse arrangement, sparsely hairy on back. Growth rate common, early blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Hei Long' Single form, dark purplish red. Medium size (16cm x 7cm). Outer petals big, 2 layers, with ovate shaped black blotches at base. Stamens many, middle and lower parts of filaments red; carpels 5, stigmas light red; disc enclosed by the base, dark red. Plants big, upright, new branches tinted with brown. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 19(21), leaves small, tinted with brown, hairy on back, petiole sinus red to purplish red. The color of this cultivar is dark and lustrous. With a light fragrance, early mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Recorded by Li and Cheng in Lanzhou Longshou Village (Flowers wither on May 25, 2002).

[81] plates: Dujuan Tixue, Lan He, Hetang Richu, Juanbian Lanhe, Hehua Deng

'Dujuan Tixue' Single form, petals pink with narrow bluish violet stripes. Buds peach-liked, flowers medium to big (19cm x 8cm). Petals 3- 4 layers, with big elliptic purplish red blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens many, filaments white; disc enclosed by the base, lobed, white; carpels 5, stigmas light yellow. Plants almost upright, the stems of year a little short (25cm), light green tinted with brown. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 19, involution, thick, sparsely arranged. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Hetang Richu' Single form, pale pinkish grayish blue. Medium size, flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, fringe parted, with diamond or irregular dark reddish brown blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens seldom, filaments yellow-white; disc enclosed by the base, red; carpels 5, stigmas red. Plants semi-patulous. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, dark green. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Lan He' Single form, light blue. Medium size, flowers upri-ght. Outer petals big and expanding, with big ovate shaped purplish red or black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens many, lower part of filaments purplish red, upper part white, carpels normal stigmas white; disc enclosed by the base, white. Plants are patulous, and the stems of yea is a little short. Medium-sized round leave: big, leaflets 19(21), dark green tinted with brown, thin, dense growth, involution, peti ole sinus a little purple. Fast growth, shoot; many. Early mid-blooming, an excellen cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen, internationally registered by Cheng.

'Juanbian Lanhe' Single form, light blue. Buds round, flowers medium size (18cmx6cm), flowers upright. Petals 2 layers, fringe roll, with diamond black blotches at base, the fringe of the blotches with purplish red stripes; stamens many, filaments white with red dots; carpels 5, stigmas yellow tinted with red; disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, reddish brown. Plants almost upright, the stems of year relatively long (40cm), dark green tinted with brown. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, fragrant, late blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Hehua Deng' Single form, pinkish blue. Flowers small (15cm x 6cm). Outer petals 2 layers, with black ovate shaped blotches at base. Stamens mid-many, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas white; disc enclosed by the base, white. Plants are a little patulous. Small-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, dark green. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[82] plates: Daban Lan, Lanmo Shuanghui, Lanhai Jindao

'Daban Lan' Single form, light blue. Flowers big and upright. Outer petals 2 layers, long obovate, with ovate black blotches at base, lustrous, the fringe of the blotches with long radial stripes. Stamens many, upper part of filaments white and lower part red; disc enclosed by the base, purplish red; carpels 5, dark red. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, terminal leaflets parted to divided, a little involution, petiole reddish brown. Fast growth, flowers many, light fragrant, early mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Cultivated in Lanzhou Ningwo Village Hotel.

'Lanmo Shuanghui' Single form, turquoise. Buds peach-liked, flowers big (20cm x 6cm). Outer petals big, expanding, with big black blotches at base. Stamens many, filaments black; carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous, and the stems of year is relatively long (30cm). Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Fragrant, early blooming, a good cultivar. Blue petals and big black blotches at base set each other off and form a beautiful scene, so it'. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Lanhai Jindao' Single form, blue. Medium size, flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, entire, expanding, with round black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens many, filaments white; disc partially enclosed by the base, serrate, yellow-white; carpels 5, yellow-white. Plants a little upright. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, long ovate, dark green, involution, terminal leaflets 3 parted to divided, hairy on back. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Lanfeng Zhanchi' Single form, pinkish blue. Medium size, flowers upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big ovate shaped black blotches at base, the fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens many, filaments red; disc enclosed by the base, red; carpels 5, stigmas light red. Plants semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, ovate lanceolate, dark green tinted with brown, terminal leaflets parted, petiole sinus rufous. A strong grower, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Mochi Yanxia' Single form, light pinkish blue. Buds peach-liked, flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm). Outer petals involution, with elliptic big black blotches at base which was more than 1/2 petals long. Without stamen, carpels petaloid, stigmas light red; disc closely enclosed by the base, tinted with red.Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[83] plates: Mochi Yanxia, Hui Die, Riyue Tonghui, Hui He

'Hui Die' Single form, versi color. Buds peach liked, flowers medium to big (19cm x 8cm). Outer petals thick and strong, fringe undulate, middle parts of petals dark, with ovate reddish brown blotches at base, big. Pistils and stamens normal, filaments pinkish red or purplish red, disc partially enclosed by the base, white, stigmas yellow-white. Plants upright or semi-patulous, the stems of year relatively long (30cm), light green tinted with brown. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, light green, thin, expanding, hairy on back. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Hui He' Single form, pink with turquoise stripes. Buds peach liked, flowers medium size (17cm x 8cm). Outer petals big, fringe undulate, with big ovate shaped purplish red or blackish purple blotches at base, a little penetrate back. Pistils and stamens normal, filaments white or pinkish red, disc and stigmas yellow-white. Plants upright, the stems of year is relatively long (30cm), brown green. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, expanding, often incised , thin, hairy on back, petiole sinus rufous. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Riyue Tonghui' Single form, versi color of red and white. Flowers relatively big (20cm x 9cm), flowers upright. Outer petals big and 2 layers, with purplish red or black ovate shaped blotches at base, medium big, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens normal, filaments white or with lower part red; disc partially enclosed by the base, yellow-white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white or with pink tinge. Plants upright, the stems of year is relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, expanding, densely growth, thick, hairy on back, petiole sinus brown. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. The red petals alternating with white petals, so this cultivar gets the name of 'Riyue Tonghui'. Selected and cultivated by Chen, and named by Chen and Cheng.

[84] plates: Heihai Fengyun, Lanhai Yinbo, Hanhai Bingxin, Langman, Meihong Jinru

'Lanhai Yinbo' Single form, light pinkish blue petals with white stripes, versi color. Medium size, upright. Petals 2 layers, big, with big blackish purple blotches at base, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens many, middle and lower parts of filaments are light red; carpels 5, disc partially enclosed by the base, disc and stigmas are both yellow-white (stigmas also in light green). Plants semi-patulous, Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, light green, a little involution, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted or incised, petiole sinus brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Heihai Fengyun' Single form, versi color (fringe white, middle and lower parts with narrow bluish purple stripes). Buds peach-shaped, flowers big (20cm x 6cm). Outer petals big and expanding, with big black blotches at base. Without stamen or medium many, filaments light red; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; discs remaining, white. Plants semi-upright, the stem of year is relatively long (30cm), brown green. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, nearly expanding, dark green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Langman' Single form, red stripes alternating with white stripes, often in red, petal back in dark color. Outer petals 2 layers, petal end with many split, with big long round black glistening blotches at base. Stamens many, filaments long, yellow-white; carpels normal, stigmas light yellow; disc thick, vesicle-liked and with ribs, yellow-white. Plants semi-patulous, stems thick and strong. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 21, small, terminal leaflets and lateral leaflets parted or incised, dark green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, early blooming, flowers many, bright-colored in bud which is very arresting, an excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Li.

'Hanhai Bingxin' Single form, pinkish white, petals tinted with bluish purple. Flowers small (15cm x 6cm), upright, outer petals 2 layers, with big dark purplish red blotches at base, the fringe of the blotches striation. Stamens seldom, filaments long, white; disc nearly enclosed by the base, white; carpels 5, stigmas light yellow. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, involution, terminal leaflets ternate, petiole brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

Single (Golden-stamen form)

'Meihong Jinrui' Single (Golden-stamen form), rose color. Medium-size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, fringe entire, with big round black blotches at base. Stamen number medium, anther plump, base with dark purple arrowhead shaped stripes, filaments yellow-white; disc enclosed by the base, disc and stigmas are both yellow-white. Plants semi-patulous. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, dark green tinted with brown, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Li.

[85] plates: Fenghuanchao, Bailian Yufo, Feiyun, YuWan,

Lotus Form

'Fei Yun' Lotus form, white. Buds ovate shaped, flowers big (17cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals a little big, with big elliptic black blotches at base, petals with a radial red strip; inner petals long, a little twisted. Stamens seldom, lower part of filaments is purplish red; carpels normal, stigmas yellow-white; disc partially enclosed by the base, white. Plants upright, the stems of year is relatively long (30cm), light green tinted with brown. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, ovate shaped, green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. White petals having radial red stripes, so this cultivar is named as 'Fei Yun'. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yu Wan' Lotus form, cup-shaped, pure white. Flowers small, upright. Petals 4 layers, with black purple blotches at base, with white stripes, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens seldom, often only with filaments remaining; disc serrate, yellow-white; carpels 5, yellow. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, ovate lanceolate, dark green tinted with brown, petiole sinus rufous. Medium growth, with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. This cultivar can be seen in Heping Tree Peony Garden.

'Bailian Yufo' Lotus form, milky white. Medium size (17cm x 7cm). Big petals 4 to 5 layers, end of inner petals often parted, with ovate brownish red to amaranthine blotches at base, detached. Stamens remaining, filaments yellow-white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed by the base, light yellow-white. Plants are patulous. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, terminal leaflets parted, leaflets incised, hairy on back. Medium growth, pure flower color, with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Chen and named by Li.

'Fenghuanchao' Lotus form, pink. Buds peach-liked, flowers small (13cm x 6cm). Petals with big reddish brown flecks at base, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes, petals with stripes in reddish brown tinted with blue. Stamens seldom, filaments white or light pink; carpels 7, normal or a little petaloid. Plants upright, the stems of year brown green and relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted, dark green, a little involution, hairy on back. Growth rate common, shoots seldom; fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[86] plates: Jiaorong, Fenmo Dengchang, Taohua Chun, Fendie Chuyu

'Jiaorong' Lotus form, pink. Flowers medium to small (15cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals slanting, expanding, with big ovate black blotches at base, penetrate back, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens are higher than stigmas, filaments red; carpels normal, stigmas white; disc enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants upright, the stems of year is short. Small-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, tinted with brown; ovate lanceolate, terminal leaflets parted, the second couple of lateral leaves incised. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Fendie Chuyu' Lotus form, pink. Buds ovate shaped, flowers medium to big (19cm x 7cm), upright. Petals fringe crapy and parted with red tinge on end, lower part with radial red stripes, with big blotches at base; Stamens many, filaments brownish red; bottom of disc enclosed by base, yellow-white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants upright, the stems of year is relatively long (30cm), green. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, long ovate, dark green, a little involution, hairy on back, petiole brown. Growth rate common, shoots seldom; fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Fenmo Dengchang' Lotus form, light pink. Flower size medium to small, upright. Petals about 4 layers, with ovate big black blotches at base, blotches on the back of petals blackish red, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens very seldom, small; bottom of disc enclosed by base, red; carpels 5, stigmas light red. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, petiole sinus purplish brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[87] plates: Yanzhi, Zhaohui, Can Hong, Dahongpao

'Taohua Chun' Lotus or chrysanthemum form, pink. Medium to small, upright. Petals expanding and regular, fringe smooth, with ovate red blotches at base, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens many, filaments with pink tinge; carpels 5, stigmas white or pink; disc enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15(19), expanding, a little dense, leaf color is dark green tinted with brown, often parted. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, late mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yanzhi' Lotus form, pinkish. Medium size, upright. Outer petals big, entire, some inner layers of petals a little involution, with big round black blotches at base. Stamens relatively many, anther big, filaments light red; disc partially enclosed by the base, carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous, and the stem of year is relatively long. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, a little involution, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, sparsely hairy on back. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Li and He.

'Zhaohui' Lotus or chrysanthemum form, bright red. Flowers medium to big, lateral. Petals 4-6 layers, outer 2 layers very big, wide obovate, with big round or long elliptic brownish red blotches at base, penetrate back, fringe with radial stripes, back of the petals white with wide ribs, inner petals a little rugate. Stamens seldom, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas red; disc partially enclosed by the base, dark purple. Plants are semi-patulous, stems thick and strong. Large-sized round leaves, leaflets 21(29), dark green, parted or incised, hairy on back, petiole sinus rufous to amaranthine. Fast growth, Plants high and big, flowers big and many, colorful. Late mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. It is recorded by Li and Cheng in Longshou Village.

'Dahongpao' Lotus form, red. Flowers medium to small (15cm x 8cm). Petals 4-5 layers, outer petals with big blackish purple blotches at base, penetrate back; inner petals with long black blotches at base, accounting for 1/2 of petals, with white stripes. Stamens seldom, filaments amaranthine; carpels 5, stigmas red; disc closely enclosed by the base, yellow-white tinted with purple. Plants are semi-patulous, new branches thick and strong, tinted with purple. Leaves small, leaflets 15, light green, dense growth, many splits, hairy on back, petiole sinus rufous. Fast growth, plants high and big, with light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. It is sometimes planted in Linxia.

'Can Hong' Lotus form, bright amaranthine. Medium size (17cm x 8cm). Outer petals big, 3-4 layers, with medium big black blotches at base, the fringe of the blotches with purple stripes. Stamens medium to many, lower part of filaments amaranthine, end white; carpels 5, stigmas red; disc partially or totally enclosed by the base, white or light red. Plants almost upright, new branches tinted with brown. Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15(17), dark green, hairy on back, petiole sinus light red. Growth rate medium, with a light fragrance, colorful, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Recorded and named by Li in Lanzhou Longshou Village.

[88] plates: ZiYan, Tiemian Wusi, Daban Jiaohong, Zi Yuanyang

'Daban Jiaohong' Lotus form, dark amaranthine. Flowers small, upright. Petals big and expanding, slanting, with big round purplish black blotches, petal back with white ribs. Stamens seldom, filaments amaranthine; carpels normal, disc closely enclosed by the base, discs and stigmas are both red. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year short. Small-sized long leaves, leaflets expanding, nearly elliptic. Fast growth, with strong fragrance, early blooming, a good cultivar. It is widely cultivated in Lintao.

'Zi Yuanyang' Lotus form, amaranthine. Buds peach liked, flowers big (22cm x 8cm). Outer petals big, with small black blotches at base; inner petals corrugated, often with white petals. Stamens seldom, filaments brownish red; carpels normal, stigmas red; disc enclosed by the base, amaranthine. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm), tinted with brown. Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Weak growth, fragrant, early blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Zi Yan' Lotus form, amaranthine. Buds peach-liked, flowers medium to small (16cm x 10cm). Outer petals a little big, fringe corrugated, with big black glistening blotches at base. Stamens seldom or without stamen; carpels normal, stigmas amaranthine; bottom of disc enclosed by base, amaranthine. Plants are semi patulous or nearly upright, the stems of year is relatively long (30cm). Small-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Fast growth, fragrant, early blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Tiemian Wusi' Lotus form, amaranthine. Flowers small (9cm x 6cm), upright. Outer petals with big black penetrat back blotches, accounting for nearly half of petals. Stamens many, filaments long, black; disc reddish brown; carpels 5, stigmas light red. Plants semi patulous, new branches thick and strong. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, narrow and long, involution. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen. It wins New Cultivar Authority Certificate of National Forestry Bureau.

[89] plates: Zipao Chenshuang, Zipao Yinzhen, Mochi Yingyue, Gucheng Xianghui, Heitian' e

'Zipao Chenshuang' Lotus to chrysanthemum form, reddish purple. Medium size, upright. Outer petals 2-3 layers, with big black blotches at base, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes, inner petals sparse, with many white stripes or tinge on the end. Some degenerate stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas red; bottom of disc enclosed by base, amaranthine. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, petiole sinus rufous. Medium growth, with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Zipao Yinzhen' Lotus to chrysanthemum form, amaranthine. Flowers medium to big (19cm x 1 Ocm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, plump, petal back with wide white ribs, inner petals small, with big long ovate black blotches at base, penetrat back, glistening, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas red; disc enclosed by the base, amaranthine. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year is relatively long (46cm), the position of the buds move upward. Large-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted, green, fringe tinted with brown, hairy on back. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Li.

'Gucheng Xianghui' Lotus form, dark amaranthine. Flowers small, upright. Outer petals upright, fringe irregularly serrate, with ovate purplish black blotches at base. Pistils and stamens normal, filaments, disc, disc and stigmas are amaranthine. Plants upright, the stems of year is relatively long. Medium-sized round leaves, light green, leaflets a little twisted, sparsely arranged. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Heitian'e' Lotus form, purplish black. Medium size, upright. Outer petals expanding, with big ovate shaped black blotches at base, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens medium to many, filaments red; carpels 5, disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, disc and stigmas are both red. Plants upright. Medium-sized round leaves, flat spreading, leaflets 15, leaf color is light green, a little twisted, thick, dense arrangement, petiole sinus yellow. Fast growth, with strong fragrance, mid-blooming. Selected and cultivated by Chen, named by Hong Tao.

'Mochi Yingyue' Lotus or anemone form, red tinted with blue, Medium size (16cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals 2-3 layers, with black blotches at base, blotches accounting for nearly 1/2 of petals, seldom petaloid. Stamens remaining, filaments white, disc partially enclosed by the base, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, green, a little involution. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[90] plates: Lan Furong, Foguang, Damo Fengyun, Hehua Lan

'Lan Furong' Lotus to chrysanthemum form, pinkish blue. Medium size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, inner petals sparse, with big round black blotches at base, penetratback, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens seldom, filaments red; disc partially enclosed by the base, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, dark green. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Hehua Lan' Lotus form, dark pinkish blue. Medium size small (15cm x 7cm), upright, petals 3-4 layers, with ovate big reddish brown blotches at base. Stamens medium to many, lower part of filaments red; bottom of disc enclosed by base, yellow-white; carpels 9 (outside 5 inner 4), stigmas light yellow. Plants short, upright. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, dark green tinted with brown, involution, dense. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Damo Fengyun' Lotus form, grayish white petals with irregular mottled blotches. Medium size, upright. Petals thick and hard, with big ovate amaranthine or purplish black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens many, degenerate; filaments white; carpels normal, stigmas white or light yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, white. Plants are semi-patulous. Small-sized round leaves, dark green tinted with brown, leaflets a little twisted, a little dense. Fast growth, fragrant, early mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Foguang' Lotus or rose form, versi color. Buds ovate, flowers medium size (18cm x 13cm), upright. Outer petals expanding, inner petals corrugated, the lower part of petals pinkish red, upper part light blue, with big black blotches at base, and with white radial stripes on the back. Stamens many, filaments red; carpels normal, stigmas yellow. Plants almost upright, the stems of year is relatively long (30cm), green tinted with brown. Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, fragrant, late blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen. The color of this kind of flowers is marvelous, and it wins New Cultivar Authority Certificate of National Forestry Bureau.

[91] plates: Guifuren, Yuguanyue, Bai Zhouchou, Bajiaoshan, Bai Dujuan

Chrysanthemum form

'Guifuren' Chrysanthemum form, white. Flowers a little small (15cm x 5cm), upright. Petals 7-8 layers, with ovate or irregular amaranthine blotches at base. Stamens many, filaments long, white; carpels 11(10 big, 1 small), stigmas a little petaloid, disc partially enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants almost upright, short. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9(11), leaves small, terminal leaflets nearly divided, tinted with bronze-colored, hairy on back, petiole sinus brown. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yuguanyue' Chrysanthemum form, flowers are light yellow in beginning and white in full bloom. Buds ovate, flowers medium size (16cm x 9cm), upright. Outer petals regular, with big black blotches at base. Stamens many, filaments white; carpels normal, stigmas yellow-white; disc partially enclosed, light yellow. Plants almost upright, the stems of year is relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, green, tinted with brown, hairy on back. Weak growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Bai Zhouchou' Chrysanthemum form, milky white. Medium size (16cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding; inner petals many layers, fringe serrate and curve outward, with big black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Without stamen, bottom of disc enclosed by the base, carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, involution, hairy on back. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Bajiaoshan' Chrysanthemum form, upper part of petals white, with brownish red blotches at base; blotches account for half of one petal, so it appears versi color; petals many layers, blotches ovate, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens remaining, filaments white; disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, white; carpels 8, stigmas yellow, or petaloid. Plants almost upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm), dark green tinted with brow. Leaves big, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, fragrant, latr mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Bai Dujuan' Chrysanthemum form, pinkish white. Medium size (18cm x 9cm). Outer petals 2 layers, with big long triangle to elliptic reddish brown blotches at base, fringe with penetrat back amaranthine stripes, petals back with wide white rib; inner petals 3 to 4 layers which are almost the same si/e as outer petals, blotches with white stripes at base, inner and outer petals mingle with a layer of white needle shaped thing; carpels 6 (5 big, 1 small), stigmas yellow; disc remaining, serrate. Plants almost upright, the stems of year very long (50cm). Medium-sized big long leaves, leaflets 15, medium to big, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted or incised, tinted with brown, sparsely hairy on back, petiole sinus light brown. Strong growth, with delicate fragrance, late blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Bian Yumin in Lintao, named by Li.

[92] plates: Meigui Bai, Xuezhong Songtan, Liren Zhuang, Wanhua Dabanbai, Chunjie

'Meigui Bai' Chrysanthemum form, white. Buds round, flowers medium size (17cm x 5cm), upright. Outer petals wide and spreading, inner petals corrugated, with small diamond red blotches at base; Stamens many, filaments white; disc enclosed, parted; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long (35cm), brown green. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, big, ovate, dark green, involution, hairy on back. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Xuezhong Songtan' Chrysanthemum form, white. Flowers medium to big, lateral drooping. Outer petals flat, expanding, inner petals sparse, fringe serrate, with big ovate black blotches at base, fringe of the blotches with radial stripes. Stamens seldom, filaments amaranthine; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, yellow. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year is short. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets involution, dark green tinted with brown, thick, dense arrangement. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Cultivated in Lintao and other places.

[93] plates: Fenmian Taosai, FenYu

'Liren Zhuang' Chrysanthemum or rose form, light green in begin, white when in full bloom. Buds ovate, flowers medium small (15cm x 10cm). Petals end often with green or golden points, with big bright amaranthine blotches at base. Stamens seldom, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white; disc partially enclosed, white. Plants patulous, the stems of year relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 9, dark green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, flower changeable. Late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Chunjie' Chrysanthemum or rose form, white. Buds ovate. Flowers medium to big (18cm x 9cm), upright. Petals with big brownish black at base. Without stamen, bottom of disc enclosed, carpels petaloid. Plants upright, the stems of year is green, relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, ovate, light green tinted with brown, hairy on back. Growth rate common, shoots seldom, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Wanhua Dabanbai' Chrysanthemum form, white. Medium size (18cm x 9cm). Outer petals big, 2 layers, long obovate, with big dark amaranthine blotches at base, fringe and petal backs with purple radial stripes. Four layers of inner petals seem petaloid; stamen medium to big, blotches at base are separated into two parts by white stripes, carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed, end serrate, yellow-white.

Plants almost upright, the stems of year relatively long (37cm), thick and strong, tinted with brown. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, big, involution, dark green, terminal leaflets divided, lateral leaves split, hairy on back. Strong growth, late blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Chen and named by Li.

'Fenmian Taosai' Lotus to Chrysanthemum form, pink. Buds ovate, flowers small (12cm x 6cm), upright. Petals many layers, regular cascade. With ovate red blotches at base, medium big. Stamens many, filaments white; carpels 5-7, stigmas yellow; disc parted, white. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year is relatively long (40cm), brown green. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 9, expanding, light green tinted with brown, thin. Fast growth, fragrant, early mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, named by Chen and Cheng.

'Fen Yu' Chrysanthemum form (like rose form), pink. Medium size (17cm x 8cm), upright. Petals over 8 layers, petals regular, with round medium big reddish brownish blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; blotches in inner petals with many white stripes, inner and outer petals with remaining stamen, filaments white; carpels 5, yellow; disc parted, yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year relatively long, thick and strong. Leaflets 15, dark green, tinted with brown, a little twisted, thick, dense arrangement, hairy on back, petiole sinus amaranthine. Fast growth, fragrant, flowers many, mid-blooming , an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[94] You Zhusha, Ruanba Yangfei, Yingba Yangfei, Xiguarang

'Gaogan Fen' Chrysanthemum form, dark pink to pinkish red. Middle size (16cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, big and expanding, with big triangle shaped dark amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals 3 - 4 layers, fringe serrate, with narrow white stripes, flecks at base are separated into two parts by white stripes. Without stamen, bottom of disc enclosed, milky white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants almost upright, new branches long (50cm), tinted with brown. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15 (19), dark green, a little involution, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, sparsely hairy on back. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. This cultivar is also cultivated as cutting flowers, and it is often seen at Ningwo Village Hotel in Lanzhou.

'Meiren Mian' Chrysanthemum form, pinkish red, pinkish white in full bloom. Flowers big (20cm x 10cm), upright or a little lateral drooping. Inner and outer petals are big and expanding, fringe corrugated, regular arrangement; with big or very big blotches at base, outer petals with diamond purplish black blotches, inner petals with dark amaranthine blotches, 1/3-1/2 length of petals. Stamens remaining or arrangement around pistil, filaments yellow-white; carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc closely enclosed, end serrate, milky white or yellow-white. Plants patulous, the stem of year relatively long. Medium-sized long leaves, slanting or flat spreading, leaflets narrow long, with sparse hair on back, petiole sinus purplish brown. Fast growth, plants are high and big (plants of 40 years old are 2.0 meters high, breadth of coronal is 2.2 meters, bearing more than 300 flowers), with a light fragrance, early mid-blooming. It is seen in Linxia, and is also cultivated in Lintao and Lanzhou. Flowers big, many, florescence long, able to endure sunshine, an excellent cultivar; the darker flowers are 'Fen'ejiao'. They are cultivated in Lanzhou Northwest National College.

'You Zhusha' Chrysanthemum or anemone form, flowers reddish purple with glistening. Medium size, upright or lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, flat expanding, with ovate big black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripe; petal back with white stripes; narrow stripshaped petals. Stamens number medium to many, filaments middle and lower parts in amaranthine; carpels normal, stigmas inversely involution, red; disc enclosed, reddish purple. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year short, tinted with brown. Medium-sized long leaves, dark green, leaflets 15, a little twisted, thick, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, hairy on back, petiole sinus light red. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming. It is a traditional cultivar in Linxia.

[95] Meiren Mian, Jinye Huadie, Gaogan Fen

'Ruanba Yangfei' Lotus or chrysanthemum form, bright red. Middle size, upright. Petals big and expanding, outer petals fan shaped, inner petals obovate, fringe corrugated, with big ovate or ovate triangle shaped blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, petal back wide ovate white middle rib. Stamens remaining, anthers plump, filaments light pink; carpels normal, stigmas red; disc partially enclosed, serrate, light red. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year is relatively long, a little soft, thick and strong, yellowish green. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 9, leaf color is light green, incised, thin, hairy on back, petiole sinus light red. Fast growth, bright color, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. It is a traditional cultivar in Linxia.

'Yingba Yangfei' Lotus or chrysanthemum form, dark amaranthine. Middle size, upright. Outer petals wide and spreading, with ovate amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, petals back with white middle rib; inner stamens petaloid, medium to big size, soft and twisted, amaranthine blotches are separated into two parts by white stripes, petals irregular distribution; anthers plump, middle and lower parts of filaments in amaranthine; carpels normal, stigmas red; disc partially enclosed, deep serrate, tinted with red. Plants are semi-patulous, and the stem of year is short; green. Medium-sized long leaves small, leaflets 15, dark green, many parted, hairy on back, petiole sinus yellow tinted with red. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. It is a traditional cultivar in Linxia.

'Xiguarang' Lotus or chrysanthemum form, purple. Middle size (17cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, wide and spreading, with ovate or elliptic dark amaranthine blotches at base, medium big, fringe with radial stripes, petal back with wide white ribs; inner stamen petaloid wide and big, with white stripes. Stamens many, filaments is relatively long, pinkish red; carpels normal, stigmas pinkish red; disc enclosed or partially enclosed, lobed, pinkish red. Plants are semi-patulous, and the stems of year is short. Medium-sized long leaves small, leaflets 15, dark green, terminal leaflets parted, split and lateral leaflets long elliptic, petiole sinus light red. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. It is a traditional cultivar in Linxia. Recorded in Zhenhua Village, Linxia Huang Niwan County.

'Jinye Huadie' Chrysanthemum form, pink petals tinted with red, versi color. Flowers medium small, upright. Petals 5- 6 layers, smaller from outside to inside, regular arrangement, with long ovate or diamond reddish brown blotches at base, medium big, fringe with radial stripes, with white stripes on back. Stamens many, filaments long, milky white; carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed, parted, yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous. Large-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, expanding, yellowish green tinted with brown, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, sparsely hairy on back. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an very excellent cultivar.

[96] Lichun Hong, Yu Hong

'Lichun Hong' Chrysanthemum form, red with a little blue. Medium size (18cm x 9cm). Outer petals 2 layers, some with white stripes in the middle, with irregular triangle blotches at base; inner petals raised; the midlayer' s petals are semi-petaloid, with normal stamens, filaments white; carpels 5, disc closely enclosed, discs and stigmas are both amaranthine. Plants are semi-patulous, high and big. Medium-sized long leaves, a little big, leaflets 15(19), dark green, new leaves tinted with brown, hairy on back. Growth rate common, shoots many, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Flowers is sensitive to sunlight, and should be planted in half shade. A traditional cultivar, cultivated in Ningwo Village of Lanzhou.

'Yu Hong' Near chrysanthemum form, dark red. Medium size (17cm x 8cm). Outer petals 2 layers, long obovate, with irregular black blotches at base, fringe with purple stripes; inner petals 3- 4 layers, the same size as outer petals, black blotches at base are divided into two parts by red stripes, inner and outer petals mingle with remaining stamens, middle and lower parts of filaments in light red; carpels 5, stigmas tinted with red, disc enclosed, end serrate, light yellow tinted with red. Plants are semi-patulous, and the stem of year is relatively long (41cm). Medium-sized leaves, a little big, leaflets 15, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted or incised, hairy on back, petiole sinus yellow. Vigorous, with delicate fragrance, late blooming, an excellent cultivar. Flowers are unable to bear sunshine, and it should be cultivated in half shade. Selected, cultivated by Bian Yumin in Lintao, named by Li.

[97] Chang'e Benyue, Jincheng Wanxia, Lan Hai, Tanhua Fen

Rose form

'Chang'e Benyue' Rose form, light pink. Buds round peach-shaped, flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm). Petals with many layers, with medium big purplish black blotches at base, petals with wide bluish red stripes in the middle. Stamens many, scatter growth, filaments white; carpels more that 5, stigmas yellow; bottom of disc enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants are patulous, the stems of year is relatively long (30cm), brownish green. Medium-sized round leaf, leaflets 15, hairy on back. Medium growth, shoots seldom, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Jincheng Wanxia' Rose form, pink. Buds ovate shaped, flowers big (20cm x 14cm). Petals big and well-distributed, end undulant; light color, with medium big reddish brown blotches at base. Without stamen, carpels normal, disc enclosed by the base, stigmas yellow. Plants upright, and the stems of year is relatively long (30cm); green tinted with brown. Small-sized round leaf, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Medium growth, shoots seldom, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Tanhua Fen' Lotus or rose form, light red turning into pink. Buds ovate shaped, flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, big and expanding, inner petals many layers, soft and twisted, with big round black penetrat back blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens seldom, filaments white; carpels normal, stigmas yellow-white; disc partially enclosed, divided, yellow. Plants patulous, the stems of year relatively long (30cm). Small-sized long leaf, flat spreading, leaflets 15, dark green, thick, hairy on back. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, early blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Lan Hai' Rose form, light blue. Buds peach liked, flowers big (24cm x 10cm), upright or lateral. Outer petals big, end parted, inner petals a little corrugated, many slits, with medium big black blotches at base. Stamens seldom, loose growth; disc partially enclosed by the base, carpels normal, stigmas red. Plants almost upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized leaf, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[98] Lantian Meng, Tiannü Sanhua, Taoyang Jin

'Lantian Meng' Rose form, pink blue. Buds oblate peach shape, flowers medium size (16cm x 10cm), upright. Petals many layers, end dark colored, end of inner petals corrugated, with medium big rhombus blackish purple blotches at base. Stamens seldom or lack; disc lobed, yellow-white; carpels weak, stigmas yellow or without stigma. Plants are semi-patulous, branches many. Leaves big, leaflets 15, big, dark green, many parted or splits, petiole sinus brown. Medium growth, shoots many; flowers many, with heavy fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Tiannü Sanhua' Approximate rose form, light red to light rosy red. Buds round peach-shaped, flowers small (15cm x llcm), a little lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding; inner petals a little small, fringe lobed, with medium big brownish black blotches at base. Without stamen, pistils petaloid; bottom of disc enclosed by the base, parted, end tinted with red. Plants almost upright, branches many. Medium-sized leaf, leaflets 15, light green, petiole sinus light red. Medium growth, early mid-blooming, flowers many, with dense fragrance, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Taoyang Jin' Rose form, inner and outer petals red alternating with white, versi color, flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals 2-3 layers, slanting expanding, red to rosy red, with big reddish brown blotches at base; inner petals 5-6 layers, with brown or dark red blotches with white stripes at base, end white. Without stamen, disc remaining, carpels 5, stigmas pinkish red. Plants almost upright, the stems of year is short. Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 15, a little involution, dark green tinted with brown, thick, petiole brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, late mid-blooming. The flower style is strange; an excellent cultivar. Cultivated by Bian Yumin in Lintao and named by Li.

[99] Heping Baiju, Fen Shizi, Yu Shizi, Xiufa Fijian, Xin Baiyushi

Anemone Form

'Heping Baiju' Golden-heart form, pure white. Flowers medium small (15cm x 6cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with diamond blackish purple blotches at base; inner petals often small. Flower center with many stamens, filaments light yellow-white; disc closely enclosed by the base, yellow-white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants are semi-patulous, and the stems of year is long (40cm). Medium-sized round leaf, leaflets 19, leaf small, ovate, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted, hairy on back. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, flowers many, bright and beautiful, having feature, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Cultivated in Heping Peony Garden and named by Li.

'Yu Shizi' Anemone form, flowers pinkish white to white. Flowers medium size (16cm x 7cm), upright. Outer big petals 2 layers, with big blotches at base, amaranthine or purple blotches occupying the whole petal base, which is as high as more than one third of the petals, fringe with purple stripes radial, petal back with obvious blotches and wide white middle rib. Inner petals narrow and long with twist, blotches at base is as long as 3/5-3/4 of petals; with many petaloid stamens, filaments become wide and big, amaranthine or purplish black; carpels normal, disc light yellow, stigmas white. Plants are semi-patulous to spreading, the stems of year relatively long, thick and strong. Medium-sized round leaf, leaflets expanding, seldom, with sparse hair on back, fringe tinted with brown, petiole sinus light yellowish brown. Dense fragrance, mid-blooming. Plants high and big, the flowers type is strange; flowers many, it is the top grade of traditional cultivar. It is cultivated in Lintao, Linxia, Lanzhou and other places.

'Fen Shizi', flowers pink, with amaranthine blotches; 'Mo Shizi', flowers white, with purplish black blotches and filaments.

'Xin Baiyushi' Anemone form, white. Flowers medium size (18cmx 8cm), upright. Outer petals big, 2 layers, end with slit, with big ovate shaped amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals often anemone form, central petals a little big, end with many slit, blotches at base is 1/2-2/3 length of petals, divided into two parts by white stripes; carpels normal. Plants almost upright, the stems of year relatively long, thick and strong. Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 15, leaf small, a little involution, yellowish green tinted with brown, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaf parted, hairy on back, petiole sinus light yellow. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, late blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Bian Yumin, named by Li.

'Xiufa Pijian' Anemone form, white. Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with big round blackish purple blotches at base, fringe with purple stripes, with seldom narrow and long petaloid, blotches occupying 3/5 of petals, with white stripes; disc serrate, disc and stigmas are both yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 15, a little involution. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[100] Juhua Bai, Bai Shancha, Tian'e wu, Yinpan Tuogui

'Juhua Bai' Anemone form, white. Middle size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, inner petals slender and narrow, upright, with big ovate shaped amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial penetrat back stripes, petals with many stamens, filaments purple; carpels normal, stigmas yellow-white; disc enclosed by the base, lobed, white. Plants are semi-patulous; the stems of year is relatively long. Medium-sized long leaf, dark green, leaf margin brown, leaflets involution, thick, sparsely arranged. Fragrant, mid-blooming, an very excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Bai Shancha' Anemone or crown form, white. Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, a little big, end a little drooping, inner petals sparse, with medium big amaranthine blotches at base. Stamens seldom, filaments white; bottom of disc enclosed by the base, carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized round leaf, leaflets 15, dark green, expanding, petiole brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Bian Yumin, named by Li.

Tian'ewu' Approximately Anemone form, white. Flowers medium small, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, involution toward outside, with big dark amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens seldom, filaments yellow-white, some petaloid; disc lobed, yellow-white; carpels 5, stigmas light yellow. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized, leaflets 15, dark green, a little involution. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yinpan Tuogui' Anemone form, white. Buds ovate shaped, flowers small (15cm x 10cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with brownish black tinted with red blotches at base; inner petals seldom, corrugated. Stamens many, filaments white; carpels normal, stigmas yellow-white; bottom of disc enclosed by the base, yellowish green. Plants almost upright, the stems of year is relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Weak growth, shoots seldom, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Baiheling' Anemone form, white. Flowers a little big (20cm x 9cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big triangle shaped dark amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals narrow, blotches occupying almost 1/2 of petals, with white stripes. Without stamen, carpels 5, yellow, stigmas yellow-white; bottom of disc enclosed by the base. Plants almost upright, the stems of year is relatively long (34cm). Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 15, dark green, a little involution, tinted with brown, hairy on back, petiole sinus brown. Medium growth, shoots seldom, with a light fragrance, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Bian Yumin, named by Li.

'Yulu Liandan' Anemone form, outer petals white, inner petal base with many red stripes, so it appears versi color. Buds peach liked, flowers middle size (16cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big reddish brown blotches at base, fringe with radial penetrat back stripes; inner petals narrow and long, corrugated, with obvious reddish brown blotches at base. Without stamen, disc partially enclosed, yellow; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants relatively patulous, the stems of year is relatively long (30cm), brownish green. Small-sized round leaf, leaflets 15, ovate, dark green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, shoots seldom, fragrant, late mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Jinlian Woxue' Anemone form, light yellow. Buds ovate shaped, flowers a little big (19cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, a little big, with medium big purplish black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; some inner stamen or most inner stamen petaloid, corrugated. Stamens seldom, filaments white; disc partially enclosed by the base, yellow-white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants are patulous, the stems of year is green and relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 15, ovate, dark green, a little involution, hairy on back. Growth rate common, shoots many; fragrant, early blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[101] Baiheling, Yulu Liandan, Jinlian Woxue, Juhua Huang, Qi 'e Wobing

'Juhua Huang' Anemone or crown form, light yellow when first blooming, yellow-white in full blooming. Flowers medium size (18cm x 8cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with approximately long triangle shaped dark amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals raised, the midlayer' s petals often petaloid, end with many slits. Remaining big stamens, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed by the base, white. Plants almost upright, the stems of year is relatively long, tinted with brown. Medium-sized leaf, leaflets 9, many parted or incised, hairy on back, petiole sinus reddish brown. Fast growth, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Qi'e Wobing' Anemone form, pink. Flowers medium size (16cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals many layers, with big brownish black blotches at base, fringe with purple stripes; inner petals narrow, many involution. Stamens many, middle to lower part of filaments in dark brown; bottom of disc enclosed by the base, carpels 5, stigmas a little petaloid, green white. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 15, dark green tinted with brown, involution, hairy on back, petiole sinus light brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[102] Fen Ju, WuYun, Lingnan Juhuang, Yinxian Diao Jingui

'Fen Ju' Anemone form, pink. Buds ovate shaped, flowers medium size (16cm x 9cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big amaranthine blotches at base, inner petals narrow and long, end with many slits. Stamens many, filaments white or light red; disc parted, yellow-white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants almost upright, the stems of year is relatively long (30cm), yellowish green. Small-sized round leaf, leaflets 15, ovate, dark green, hairy on back, petiole sinus amaranthine. Weak growth, shoots seldom, flowers many, early bloomming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Lingnan Juhuang' Anemone to crown form, pink, dark in base of petals. Flowers medium big, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, medium big black purple blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, amaranthine blotches at back; inner petals wrinkle, with red stripe. Stamens seldom, lower part of filaments red; disc bottom enclosed, yellow-white; carpels, stigma yellow-white tinted with pink. Plants are a little patulous, the stem of year relatively long. Medium-sized radial leaf,, leaflets relatively big, darkgreen, flat expanding. Growth relatively fast, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Wu Yun' Anemone form, pinkish blue. Flowers medium small, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, a little big, with big dark red or black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals seldom, spoon shaped, red alternating with white stripes, end white. Stamens seldom; filaments white tinted with purple; carpels 5, stigmas yellow tinted with yellowish red; disc remaining, yellow-white. Plants almost upright, new branches long (40cm), tinted with brown. Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 15, dark green, a little involution, leaf margin tinted with brown, hairy on back, petiole sinus brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, flowers many, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Bian Yumin, named by Li.

'Yinxian Diao Jingui' Anemone to crown form, light blue. Buds ovate shaped, flowers medium size (16 cm x 6 cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, expandsing, with approximately round medium big amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals a little big, raised, the midlayer's petals small. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed by the base, white. Plants almost upright, the stems of year light green (30cm). Medium-sized round leaf, leaflets 15, light green, hairy on back. Medium growth, shoots seldom, with strong fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Hongyu Fanlang' Anemone or crown form, light red. Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, petals corrugated, with many red blotches, with medium big black blotches at base, ovate shaped, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals seldom, often with red stripes alternating with white stripes. Stamens remaining, small, filaments white; bottom of disc enclosed by the base, serrate, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized round leaf, leaflets 15, involution, yellowish green, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted or incised. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[103] Hongyu Fanlang, Hong Shancha, Hong Zhenzhu

'Hong Zhenzhu' Anemone form, light red. Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, nearly expanding, with ovate shaped black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals narrow and short, dense. Stamens seldom, filaments white; disc remaining, white; carpels a little petaloid. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized round leaf, leaflets 15, dark green, petiole sinus light brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Hong Shancha' Approximately anemone form, red. Flowers small (15cm x 7cm), cup-shaped. Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big triangle shaped to diamond black blotches at base; inner petals small, small black blotches are divided into two parts by white stripes, white stripes on back is obvious. Stamen remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc deep serrate, yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous, stems medium thick, tinted with brown. Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 19, many splits, hairy on back, petiole sinus light red. The flowers are very colorful when they first bloom, but only center petals unable to endure sunshine, they should be cultivated in half shade. Mid-blooming; a good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, named by Li.

[104] Honghai Yindao, Huahong Xiuqiu, Honghai Yinbo, Juhua Hong, Zizhulin, Zihai Yinbo

'Honghai Yindao' Anemone form, red. Flowers medium size (18cm x 8cm), upright. Outer petals soft and twisted, with big approximately round reddish brown blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, petal back with white middle rib; inner petals are white stripes shaped petals. Stamens remaining, anthers degenerate, filaments white; carpels normals, disc remaining, disc and stigmas are both red. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized round leaf, leaf color is dark green, tinted with brown, leaflets a little twisted, thick, a little dense. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance; mid-blooming. Flower shape of this cultivar is strange, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Huahong Xiuqiu' Anemone or crown form, light red. Flowers a little big (19cm x 11cm), upright or lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, flat and expanding, with big approximately ovate dark amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, blotches penetrate back, petal back with wide and white rib; inner petals with obvious layers, central petals wide and big, red, some with white ribs , end with remaining anther; the midlayer' s petals narrow, light colored, white ribs run through the center. Stamens many, filaments base with amaranthine; carpels normal, yellow; disc enclosed by the base, lobed, white. Plants almost upright, the stems of year thick and strong, short. Large-sized round leaf, dark green, leaflets thin. Fast growth, with strong fragrance, late blooming, a good cultivar. It is a traditional cultivar, cultivated in Linxia and other places.

'Honghai Yinbo' Anemone form, red. Flowers medium small, upright. Outer petals expanding, with big approximately ovate shaped black blotches at base; inner petals soft and twisted, many with white stripes. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels normal, disc partially enclosed, lobed, disc and stigmas are both red. Plants are semi-patulous. Small long leaf, light green, leaflets a little twisted. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an very excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, named by Chen and Cheng.

'Juhua Hong' Anemone form, red tinted with purple. Buds peach liked, flowers medium size. Outer petals 2 layers, slanting, with ovate black blotches at base; inner petals narrow, upright, end tinted with white. Stamens remaining, filaments pink or red; carpels normal, stigmas red; disc lobed, white. Plants are semi-patulous or nearly upright, the stems of year tinted with brown. Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 19,green tinted with brown, thick. Medium growth, shoots many, with delicate fragrance, early mid-blooming, a very good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Zizhulin' Anemone form, reddish purple. Flowers medium size, upright; Outer petals big and expanding, with medium big black blotches at base, filaments stout and big or flat, nearly petaloid; carpels 5, disc enclosed by the base, disc and stigmas are both red. Plants spread. Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 15, a little involution, fringe tinted with brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen.

'Zihai Yinbo' Anemone form, purple. Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals wide and expanding, with medium big approximately ovate amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial strip; inner petals a little narrow, with involution and white stripes. Stamens remaining, carpels normal, stigmas brownish red; disc partially enclosed, brownish red. Plants are semi-patulous, the stem of year is relatively long. Medium-sized long leaf, dark green, leaflets expanding. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[105] Ziguan Yudai, Hei Zhenzhu, Mohai Yinbo, Hei Yuanshuai

'Ziguan Yudai' Anemone form, amaranthine. Flowers medium size (16cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals 2-3 layers, with big blackish purple blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals narrow and long, petals with many thick and thin white stripes in the middle. Without stamen, disc partially enclosed, parted, red; carpels 5, stigmas red. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 15, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaf parted, leaf color is yellowish green, with involution, hairy on back, petiole sinus brown. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming ,flower shape is strange, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Mohai Yinbo' Anemone form, blackish purple. Buds peach liked, flowers a little big(19cm x 9cm), upright. Outer petals big and expanding, with big approximately round black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals with narrow corrugation and white stripes. Stamens number from medium to seldom, filaments amaranthine; carpels normal, brownish red; disc partially enclosed by the base, red. Plants almost upright. Small-sized round leaf, leaflets 15, dark green tinted with brown, a little twisted, thick, dense arrangement. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, late mid-blooming, an very excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, and named by Chen and Cheng.

'Hei Zhenzhu' Anemone form, blackish purple. Buds peach liked, flowers small (12cm x 6cm), upright or a little lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding regular, with approximately ovate shaped black blotches at base; inner petals many, with involution, end with white stripes. Stamens remaining, filaments black; carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed by the base, lobed, yellow. Plants almost upright, the stems of year is relatively long (40cm). Medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 19, ovate, light green, hairy on back. Fast growth, shoots many, with strong fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Hei Yuanshuai' Anemone or single form, blackish purple. Flowers medium big (16cm x 8cm), upright or lateral. Outer petals 2 layers, the fringe of petals irrigular, big black blotches at base. Stamens middle, filaments amaranthine; carpels 5, stigmas red; disc half enclosed, deep part, red. Plants almost upright, the stems of year short, darkgreen tinted with brown. Small-size round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, flat. Medium growth, with light fragrance, early blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, Cultivated and named by Chen.

[106] Juhua Lan, Xueqing Shizi, Honghai Fengyun

'Juhua Lan' Anemone form, light blue; Buds peach liked, flowers a little big (19cm x 7cm), upright or a little lateral drooping; Outer petals 2 layers, a little big, with big black blothes at base; inner petals narrow and small, curled. Stamens seldom, filaments light red; disc semi-enclosed, carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants upright, the stems of year is a little long (30cm), green, Small-sized long leaf, leaflets 15, ovate, dark green, hairy on back. Medium growth, shoots seldom, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Xueqing Shizi' Anemone form, versi color (blue bottom with white stripes); Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, medium big, with approximately round black to dark brown blotches at base, fringe with amaranthine penetrate back stripes, petal back with wide and white rib; inner petals many, end lobed, suffused with white, upper part of petals with red stripes alternating with white stripes, divided into two parts by white stripes, carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed, yellow-white. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized leaf, leaflets 15, small, a little involution, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaf parted to nearly divided, leaf tinted with brown, hairy on back, petiole sinus brown. Growth rate common; with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, flower shape is strange, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Bian Yumin, named by Li.

'Lan Zhenzhu' Anemone form, pinkish blue. Flowers medium size (16cm x 6cm), upright; Outer petals 2 layers, big and expanding, with approximately ovate shaped black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, inner petals small and corrugated. Stamens round arranged, filaments white? disc partially enclosed, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white. Plants are semi patulous. Medium-sized round leaf, leaflets 15, light green, nearly expanding, terminal leaflets parted, the others with sparse splits, hairy on back. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming , a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Honghai Fengyun'

Anemone form, versi color (red with white stripes). Flowers big, upright; Outer petals slanting and expanding, with big approximately round reddish brown blotches, petal back with white middle rib; inner narrow petal upright, end with narrow and long slits. Stamens many, filaments white; carpels normal, stigmas pink; disc enclosed by the base, pink. Plants upright, the stems of year is relatively long; Medium-sized long leaf, light green, leaflets great many, thin; Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yuanyang Pu' Anemone form, petals red alternating with white. Flowers a little big (19cm x 8cm), Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big amaranthine blotches at base, inner petals sparse, twisted, with red stripes alternating with white stripes; Stamens many, filaments white; carpels normals, stigma yellow; disc partially enclosed, white. Plants are patulous, the stems of year is fairly long (30cm); small round leaf, leaflets 15, green, hairy on back, medium growth, fragrant, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. cultivated and named by Chen.

[107] Yuanyang Pu, Yinhai Hongbo, Fozhu, Lanxia Feiyu

'Fozhu' Anemone shaped flowers, mixture color; budsround peach-shaped, flowers small (12cm x 6cm); outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with medium big purple flecks at base; inner petals small and corrugated, petals with white stripes extending to the end; stamens seldom, ovary covering remaining. Plants almost upright, the stem of year is fairly long (30cm), green tinted with brown; small round leaf, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back, medium growth, shoots seldom, fragrant, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yinhai Hongbo' Anemone shaped flowers, white; buds ovate shaped, medium size (18cm x 7cm); outer petals 2 layers, with approximately ovate shaped big flecks dark amaranthine or black flecks at base; fringe with radial stripes, petal back is also big; inner petals narrow, stamen remaining, filaments red; carpel normal, green; ovary partially enclosed by the base, parted, red. Plants almost upright, the stem of year is fairly long (30cm), green tinted with brown; medium-sized long leaf leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back, medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Lanxia Feiyu' Anemone shaped flowers or crown shaped, petals with blue stripes alternating with white stripes, mixture color; medium size, upright; outer petals 2 layers, fringe serrate, with medium big black flecks at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals a little narrow, only middle part with blue stripes; stamens seldom, filaments red; bottom of ovary enclosed by the base, carpel 5, stigma yellow-white. Plants almost upright; medium-sized long leaf, leaflets 9, a little big, dark green tinted with brown, terminal leaflets parted, lateral leaflets incised, petiole sinus brown, medium growth, with a delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[108] Xiaoxue, Qinghaihu Yinbo, Zixiannü, Baiyu Lou

Crown Form

'Xiaoxue' Crown form, white; Flowers small (14cm x 6cm), upright; outer petals 2 layers, with approximately diamond black or dark amaranthine flecks at base, small, inner petals is approximately the same size as outer petals, sparse arrangement, flecks at petal base are divided into two parts by white stripes; carpelS, stigma yellow; bottom of ovary enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants are a little patulous; medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, light green tinted with brown; terminal leaflets bipinnate and with three lobes, the second couple of lateral leaflets parted, hairy on back; medium growth, with a delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, named by Chen and Cheng.

'Qinghaihu Yinbo' Crown form, and many single, white; flowers small (15cm x 8cm), upright; outer petals 2 layers, slanting extending, with wide and round big dark brown flecks at base, fringe with purple stripes; layer upon layer of inner petals raised, with many big stamen among petals, filaments yellow-white; carpel 5, stigma light yellow; ovary enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants are a little patulous; medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 9 (15), terminal leaflets 3 parted to divided, leaflets involution, dark green, hairy on back, petiole sinus brown, fast growth, with a delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar, selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Zixiannü' Crown form, white, flowers medium to big; outer petals 2 layers, with approximately long big blackish purple or long triangle shaped dark amaranthine flecks at base; inner petals many, amaranthine stripes extend from the flecks at base to the end. Stamens remaining, filaments light purple; carpel 7 (6

big, 1 small), stigma yellow, ovary covering remain, yellow. Plants a little patulous, the stem of year long (47cm), medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, parted or incised, hairy on back, petiole sinus yellow; fast growth, with elegant fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Baiyu Lou' Crown form pure white; medium size (16cm x 7cm), upright or lateral open; outer petals 2 layers, with long ovate amaranthine flecks at base, medium to big; inner petals many, central petals a little wide, raised, flecks at base with white stripes; stamen remaining, filaments long, white; carpel normal, stigma yellow; ovary covering serrate, yellow-white. Plants almost upright, the stem of year is short, thick and strong, tinted with brown; medium-sized long leaves, slanting; leaflets 15, yellowish green, thick, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted; hairy on back, petiole sinus reddish brown, medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. It is a traditional cultivar in Linxia.

[109] Bai Lang, Xiangya Bai

'Qingxin Bai' Crown form, white, medium size (18cm x 7cm); outer petals big, 2 layers, with big dark amaranthine flecks at base; inner petals a little small, petal base with amaranthine stripes, it is 1/2 length of petals, it is divided by white stripes; stamen among petals, pistil many degenerate, pistil small or without pistil. Plants patulous, new branches thick and strong; leaves big, leaflets a little wide, a little dense, dark green, hairy on back, petiole sinus red brown; fast growth, shoots many, big flowers many, late mid-blooming. It is able to endure sun shine; often cultivated in Linxia.

'Xiangya Bai' Crown form, sometimes rose formed, light yellow-white; medium size, upright or lateral drooping; outer petals 2 layers, with approximately ovate amaranthine flecks at base, a little transparent, fringe with purple stripes radicalized; central petals wide and big, layer upon layer of inner petals raised, end with corrugated stripes, flecks is 1/2 length of flecks, with white stripes, the midlayer's petals many petaloid; stamen remaining; carpel normal, stigma light yellow; ovary covering parted, yellow-white. Plants are a little patulous, new branches is fairly long; big long leaves, leaflets 15, expanding, light green, sparse hair on back, petiole sinus dark brown, fast growth, fragrant, late mid-blooming. Cultivate in Linxia and Lintao.

'Bai Lang' Crown form, pure white; medium size (18cm x 8cm), lateral drooping; outer petals 2 layers, a little drooping, with long round dark amaranthine flecks at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals many, layer upon layer of inner petals raised, the midlayer' s petals often petaloid; stamen remaining, filaments white; 2/3 of ovary covering was enclosed by the base, yellow-white, carpel 5, stigma light yellow. Plants are a little patulous, short, medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 9, expanding, parted or incised, hairy on back, petiole sinus yellow, weak growth, mid-blooming , flower color is sparkling and crystal-clear, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Li, cultivated in Ning Wo Village.

'Baipao Jindai' Crown form, white; buds round peach-shaped, medium size (16cm x 12cm); outer petals 2 layers, with medium big brownish black blotches at base; inner petals raised, the midlayer's petals fragmented and light bluish pink; stamen seldom, filaments white carpel more than 6, some petaloid thread liked; without ovary covering. Plants almost upright, the stem of year is long (45cm) medium-sized leaves big, leaflets 15, yellowish green, hairy on back; fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[110] Yurong Bingxin, Yushi Diancui, Yanwei Bai, Xueshan Jinding, Beiguo Fengguang,

'Yurong Bingxin' Crown form, light yellow when first bloom, white when in full bloom; medium size (16cm x 9cm), upright or lateral open; outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with approximately diamond amaranthine flecks at base, with radial stripes; inner petals regular, layer upon layer of inner petals raised. Many stamen are between inner and outer petals; filaments yellow-white; ovary tightly enclosed by the base, light yellow; carpel 5, stigma yellow-white. Plants are a little patulous, new branches is fairly long (30cm); medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, dark green, hairy on back; medium growth, with elegant fragrance, flowers many, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yushi Diancui' Anemone form or Crown form, white; medium size (18cm x 9cm),lateral open; outer petals 2 layers, with long ovate to ovate reddish brown flecks at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals raised, central petals a little big, fringe with many narrow threads; stamen remaining, filaments white; carpel 9, petaloid and green; ovary covering small, yellow. Plants almost upright, the stem of year long, thick and strong; big long leaves, leaflets 9(15), lush and plump, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted or incised; hairy on back, petiole sinus brown; fast growth, late blooming, with elegant fragrance, a good cultivar. Cultivated in Lanzhou Ningwo Village, named by Li.

'Yanwei Bai' Crown form, white; flowers big (20cm x 9cm), upright or lateral open, outer petals big, 2 layers, with approximately ovate amaranthine flecks at base, fringe with radial transparent stripes; inner petals raised, the midlayer' s petals often petaloid, end with many serrate, mixed big stamen, middle part of filaments is dark amaranthine; carpel 5, stigma yellow, ovary partially enclosed by the base, serrate, yellow-white. Plants are a little patulous, stems thick and strong, tinted with brown. Except for the terminal flower, axillary buds on the upper part of the branch can also develop into flowers.. Small long leaves, leaflets 15, green tinted with brown, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted, hairy on back, petiole sinus light brown; fast growth, one branch can have two flowers, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[111] Tianshan Richu, Yinbaihe, Yuezhao Kunlun

'Beiguo Fengguang' Crown form or globular form, white; medium size (17cm x 9cm), upright or lateral open; outer petals 2 layers, with approximately ovate or diamond black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, inner petals many, flecks at base with white stripes, stamen remaining, filaments white; carpel 7 (5 big, 2 small), stigma light yellow; ovary enclosed by the base, end with serrate, white. Plants are a little patulous, and the stem of year is fairly long and tinted with purplish brown; medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15 (19), flat spreading, light green, fringe brown, thick, end leaflets divided, lateral leaflets long ovate or a little lanceolate, entire or lobed, sparse hair on back, petiole sinus purplish brown; fast growth, fragrant, earlier blooming. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Xueshan Jinding' Crown form, white; medium size (16cm x 7cm), upright; outer petals big, flat spreading and expanding, with approximately diamond dark amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, inner petals sparse, end often with anther remaining, stamen seldom, filaments white, carpel normal, stigma white, ovary enclosed by the base, lobed, yellow-white. Plants upright, the stem of year is fairly long; medium-sized long leaves, flat spreading, leaflets 15, light green, fringe brown, thick, loosely arranged, terminal leaflets divided, lateral leaflets ovate, petiole sinus purple, fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, and named by Chen and Cheng.

'Yinbaihe' Crown form or globular form, white; medium size (17cm x 8cm), upright or lateral drooping; outer petals 2 layers, lateral expanding, with medium big ovate shaped black blotches at base radial stripes, a little transparent ; inner petals raised, stout; stamen remaining, filaments white, carpel 5, stigma yellow; bottom of ovary enclosed by the base, serrate and white. Plants are a little patulous, new branches is fairly long; small long leaves, flat spreading or slanting, leaflets 15, leaf color is dark green, with brown costa, a little twisted, thick, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, petiole sinus amaranthine; fast growth, flowers many, fragrant, late mid-blooming; a good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, and named by Chen and Cheng.

'Tianshan Richu' Approximately crown form, milky white; flowers big (20cm x 9cm); outer petals 2 layers, petals very big, with approximately triangle shaped big amaranthine blotches at base, petal back with big red blotches and wide white rib, inner petals medium big, blotches are big, middle layers peta-loid and big stamen, filaments long, dark amaranthine. Carpel 5, stigma yellow, a little petaloid; ovary covering parted, yellow-white. Plants are patulous, branches of the first year thick and strong tinted with brown; big leaves, leaflets 15, a little big, dark green, a little involution, terminal leaves and the second couple of lateral leaves many parted to divided, sparsely hairy on back, petiole sinus red brown, a strong grower, flower big, flowers many, with elegant fragrance, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yuezhao Kunlun' Crown form, white; medium size (18cm x 7cm), upright or lateral drooping; outer petals 2 layers, with approximately ovate shaped big red blotches at base, accounting for half of petals, white rib on petal back with wide and red stripes; inner petals medium big, blotches are also big, the midlayer' s petals one layer and petaloid, seldom stamens partially petaloid. Plants are patulous, branches of first year is fairly long, thick and strong, tinted with brown; medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 9, dark green, many parted, petiole sinus red.Fast growth; with elegant fragrance, flowers many, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[112] Qingkong Wanli, Taohe Mingzhu, Wuxia Yu, Huang Yun, Baita Chunxiao

'Qingkong Wanli' Crown form, rose form, pink when first bloom, white in full bloom; flowers medium to big (19cm x 8cm), upright or lateral drooping; outer petals big, 2 layers, with ovate shaped or ovate big blackish purple blotches at base, fringe with radicalized purple stripes, petal back with wide and white middle rib, two laterals also with blotches; inner petals sparse, many partial petaloid and big stamen, filaments white; carpel 5, stigma yellow; ovary enclosed by the base, end serrate. Plants are a little patulous, branches thick and strong, upper end of the buds tinted with brown; medium-sized leaves a little big, leaflets 15, dark green, end leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted to divided, sparsely hairy on back, petiole sinus red; strong growth, with elegant fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Taohe Mingzhu' Crown form, pure white; medium size (18cm x 7cm), outer petals 2 layers, long obovate, with long ovate dark amaranthine flecks at base, fringe with purple stripes; inner petals raised, sparse, petal base with purple tinge; big stamen mixed in inner and outer petals, filaments yellow-white, carpel 5, petaloid, stigma light yellow, bottom of ovary enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants a little patulous, the stem of year long (40cm), thick and strong, medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted or splits, hairy on back, petiole sinus yellow; a strong grower, with elegant fragrance, late blooming, and a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Bian Yumin, named by Li.

'Baita Chunxiao' Crown form, white, medium size (17cm x 9cm), flowers lateral drooping; outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with medium big blackish purple blotches at base; inner petals small, layer upon layer of inner petals raised; stamen seldom, pistils a little petaloid. Plants a little patulous, new branches fairly long, brown green; medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, involution; medium growth, with a delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Wuxia Yu' Crown form or Globular form, white, flowers big (22cm x 12cm), flowers lateral drooping; outer petals 2 layers, expanding, layer upon layer of inner petals dense, with medium big dark brown blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; stamen seldom or without stamen, carpel normal. Plants almost upright, medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral 'leaves parted or incised, dark green, a little involution, medium growth, with a delicate fragrance, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Often seen in Du Jianzhong Garden, Longxi, Gansu.

[113] Huanghelou, Ningyuan Huang, Yulou Cangjiao

'Huang Yun' Crown form, milky yellow; flowers small (15cm x 8cm), upright, outer petals expanding and drooping, with approximately triangle shaped black blotches, medium big, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals regular and sparse; stamen seldom, filaments white; carpel normal, stigma yellow; ovary covering remaining, yellow-white. Plants a little patulous, the stem of year fairly long; big round leaves, leaflets many, dark green, a little twisted, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted or incised, petiole brown; medium growth, with a delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. There are cloud and mist wreathing between petals at sunrise and sunset, so it gets this name. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yulou Cangjiao' Crown form, or anemone form, or Globular form, white, petals with dark brownish red at base, medium size (17cm x 10cm), upright or a little laterally drooping; outer petals 2 layers, with big approximately round brownish red blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals seldom, layer upon layer of inner petals raised; stamen seldom, filaments green white; bottom of ovary enclosed by the base, parted, white, carpel 5, stigma yellow-white. Plants a little patulous, medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, long ovate, dark green, involution, hairy on back, medium growth, with elegant fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Ningyuan Huang' Crown form, light yellow in bud, milky white in full bloom; medium size (18cm x 8cm), upright or laterally drooping; outer petals 2 layers, big, with big dark amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals seldom, petals big, with big blotches at base, with white stripes in the middle; a circle of stamen between inner and outer petals, filaments long, white; carpel 5, stigma yellow, orgreen petals; ovary covering deep serrate, milky white. Plants a little patulous, the stem of year fairly long(35 — 45cm), thick and strong, yellowish green tinted with brown, leaflets 9, thick, involution, terminal leaflets 3 split, lateral leaflets seldom incised, dark green; sparsely hairy on back, petiole sinus amaranthine; shoots seldom, with a delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar; cultivated in Ningwo Village, Lanzhou.

'Huanghelou' Crown form, light yellow in bud, medium size (16cm x 9cm), upright; outer petals 2 layers, medium to big, approximately obovate, with big approximately ovate black blotches at base, fringe with purple transparent stripes, inner petals many, layer upon layer of inner petals raised, with white stripes in the middle of blotches ? the midlayer' s petals small and slim, many remaining anther; carpel 5, stigma light yellow; 2/3 of ovary covering enclosed, yellow-white. Plants almost upright, short, small long leaves, leaflets 19, small, yellowish green, seldom slits, petiole sinus reddish brown to amaranthine, Growth rate common, with delicate fragrance, late mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Recorded and named by Li in Longshou Village.

[114] Yu Huang, Hongxiannü, Fenyu Santai, Zhaojun Feiyun

'Yu Huang' Crown form, light yellow, medium size (17cm x 8cm), upright or lateral open; outer petals 2 layers, medium big, with approximately long ovate amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals wide, raised, blotches at base divided into two parts by white stripes; stamen seldom or without stamen, filaments white; ovary partially enclosed by the base or remaining, yellow-white; carpel 5, stigma yellow.

Plants a little patulous, the stem of year fairly long (32cm); medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, dense growth, involution, petiole sinus yellow, hairy on back; medium growth, shoots many, flowers many, with a delicate fragrance, earlier blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Bian Yumin, named by Li.

'Zhaojun Feiyun' Crown form, pinkish red. Flowers medium size, upright or lateral drooping. Outer petals expanding, with approximately elliptic bright red blotches at base, exceptional big, fringe with radial stripes, blotches back red, big; inner petals wide, regular and dense.Stamens remaining, filaments white;carpels normal, stigmas white;disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, white. Plants almost upright, the stems of year relatively long.Medium-sized long leaves, dark green, leaflets a little twisted. Fast growth, fragrant, early blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, named by Chen and Cheng.

'Hongxiannü' Crown form, pink. Flowers medium size. Outer petals 2 layers, lateral expanding, with approximately diamond or elliptic reddish brownish blotches at base; inner petals many, corrugated dense, petals with obvious dark pinkish red stripes ;the midlayer's petals small. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels normal, stigmas milky yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, lobed, yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous, the stem of year relatively long. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, light green, terminal leaflets and the second couple lateral leaflets parted or incised, hairy on back, petiole sinus yellowish brown. Medium growth, fragrant, early blooming, flowers many, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen, and internationally registered by Cheng.

'Fenyu Santai' Crown form, petals pink layer alternating with white layer.Flowers medium to big, upright. Outer petals flat expanding, with medium big approximately elliptic brownish purple blotches at base; inner petals with obvious layers, the midlayer's petals small and white, center petals big and dark color, Stamens remaining, filaments white, carpels often petaloid and green, nearly without disc. Plants are patulous, the stems of year relatively long. Small long leaves, slanting extending, light green. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[115] Heping Fen, Zui Tao, Jiaorong Cliulu, Fenyanjiao

'Zui Tao' Crown form, pink with bluish purple stripes.Flowers medium size, upright or lateral drooping. Outer petals expanding and regular, with medium big approximately ovate shaped amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; layer upon layer of inner petals strong. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels often petaloid and green; disc partially enclosed by the base, parted to divided, white. Plants are semi-patulous, the stem of year short. Medium-sized long leaves, leaf color dark green, leaflets many, a little twisted, long ellipse, many entire. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. A traditional cultivar. It is cultivated in Lintao, Linxia and other places.

'Heping Fen' Crown form, pink. Buds ovate shaped, flowers small (14cm x 11cm). Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with small approximately diamond red blotches at base; inner petals big, raised, the midlayer's petals small and slim.Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels green, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, white. Plants almost upright, the stems of year short (20cm), green tinted with brown.Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming ,a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Jiaorong Chulu' Crown form, pink. Medium size, flowers lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, flat expanding, layer upon layer of inner petals raised, central petals big, middle part of petals dark colored, fringe light colored, with brownish black blotches at base.Stamens few, round arrangement; disc partially enclosed by the base, white; carpels 5, stigma yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, narrow and long, dark green tinted with brown, petiole red brown. Growth rate common, with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Fenyanjiao' Crown form, light pink.Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, inner petals big, regular and well-distributed, light blue stripes in the middle of petals, with reddish brown blotches at base. Stamens remaining; disc partially enclosed by the base, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, expanding, narrow and long, a little incised. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[116] Lanxiannü, Hezhou Fen, Fenlou Chacui, Shennü

'Fenlou Chacui' Crown form, dark pink. Flowers medium size, upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, flat expanding, with big amaranthine blotches at base; layer upon layer inner petals dense, with obvious layer, the midlayer' s petals small. Without stamen and disc, carpels petaloid and green or proliferate-flower form. Plants are semi-patulous, the stem of year relatively long. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, light green, expanding, sparse. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Chen, named by Chen and Cheng.

'Hezhou Fen' Crown form, light pink. Flowers medium to big, laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with medium big approximately elliptic red blotches at base; layer upon layer of inner petals raised, the midlayer' s petals small, slim and petaloid.Stamens remaining, filaments white; pistils a little petaloid, white; disc remaining, white. Plants almost upright, new branches thick and strong, with purple tinge. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 9, parted or incised, petiole sinus light amaranthine. Fast growth, with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent and traditional cultivar. Cultivated in Linxia.

'Lanxiannu' Crown form, pink.Flowers medium size (16cm x 7cm). Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big blackish purple blotches at base, ovate shaped, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals many, raised. Remaining big stamens, middle to lower part of filaments light blue (purple); carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white; 3/5 of disc enclosed, end serrate, yellow-white. Plants almost upright, the stems of year is relatively long, thick and strong. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets (11)15, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted or incised, hairy on back, petiole sinus brown. Medium growth, with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, and a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Shennu' Crown form, pink. Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, flat expanding; inner petals wide and regular; between outer layer and inner layer of petals, there are some small and slim the midlayer's petals; with approximately elliptic brownish red blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas white; disc remaining, serrate, yellow. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized long leaves, flat spreading, leaflets expanding, dark green with brown fringe, thick. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Muyangnü' Crown form, pink with mixed color. Flowers medium size, upright; outer petals expanding drooping, layer upon layer of inner petals raised; with approximately ovate small black blotches at base. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc remaining. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year relatively long, medium-sized long leaves, leaflets expanding, dark green. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Diaochan' Crown to globular form, pink. Flowers medium size, upright or lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, layer upon layer of inner petals many and raised, with blackish purple small blotches at base, bluish purple stripes in the middle of petals. Stamens seldom or without stamen, bottom of disc enclosed by the base, carpels normal or petaloid, stigmas light pink. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, a little twisted, dark green. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, late mid-blooming; an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Bian Yumin, named by Li.

[117] Muyangnü, Penquan, Yaotai Chunyan, Diaochan

'Penquan' Crown form, pink. Flowers medium size, uprightOuter petals 2 layers, with medium big blackish purple blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, inner petals narrow, raised, blotches at base divided by white stripes, with bluish purple stripes on the upper part.Stamens few, disc parted, white; carpels 5, stigmas light yellow. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, green tinted with brown, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, petiole sinus yellowish brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Yaotai Chunyan' Crown form, light pinkish red. Flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with approximately ovate blackish purple blotches at base; inner petals many, petals small, with many white rib in the middle; mixed with normal stamens, white filaments with purple tinge; 2/3 of disc enclosed, dark purple; carpels normal, stigmas amaranthine. Plants patulous, the stems of year short. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted or incised, hairy on back. Medium growth, shoots many, with a light fragrance, early mid-blooming, a good cultivar. There is a huge plant in Ningwo Village,Lanzhou. The base diameter of the stem reaches 16cm, and it can bear some 300 flowers a year, so it is called "King of tree peony".

[118] Xiaoxia, Tao Rong, Qingchun, Jinhua Zhuangyuan

'Xiaoxia' Crown or globular form, pink. Flowers small, upright. Outer petals expanding, inner petals corrugated and dense; with big approximately elliptic brownish red blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, white. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized long leaves, light green, leaflets a little twisted, sparse. Fast growth, shoots mid-many, fragrant, mid-blooming. Flower color uneven, pink tinted with grayish white, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Tao Rong' Crown form, peach red. Buds round peach-shaped, Flowers medium size (16cm x 7cm), upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals big and entire, with approximately diamond blackish purple blotches at base; layer upon layer of inner petals raised, many blotches divided by white stripes. Stamens few and small; disc partially enclosed by the base, divided, milky white; carpels green, stigmas yellow. Plants patulous, the stems of year yellowish green. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, long ellipse, a little involution, light green, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted, hairy on back. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Qingchun' Crown form, pinkish red. Buds ovate shaped, flowers medium size (16cm x 10cm), upright; outer petals 2 layers, thick, slanting extending, with medium big approximately elliptic amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; layer upon layer of inner petals dense and raised. Stamens few, filaments white; disc partially enclosed by the base, white; carpel 5,stigmas white or a little petaloid. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long (35cm), yellowish green.Large-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, elliptic dark green, involution, sparse, hairy on back. Strong growing, shoots seldom; fragrant, early blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Jinhua Zhuangyuan' Crown form (include golden-heart form), red. Flowers small ( 14cm x 9cm), upright or lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with medium big approximately elliptic amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, petal back with big white stripes; inner petals many, petal end corrugated, many remaining anther, with white stripes. Some flower center with few big stamens, middle to lower part of filaments light red; carpels normal, stigmas light red; disc enclosed by the base, lobed, light red. Plants are semi-patulous, the stem of year relatively long (49cm). Large-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, bright green, thin, parted, hairy on back, petiole sinus yellow, Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent, and traditional cultivar. Cultivated in Linxia and other places.

[119] Hongguan Yuzhu, Shui Furong, Taoyang Honglou, Lixiang

'Hongguan Yuzhu' Crown form, red. Flowers small, lateral drooping. Outer petals flat expanding, with medium big elliptic black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals with obvious layers. Without stamen, carpels normal, disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, disc and stigmas both yellow. Plants upright. Large-sized round leaves, light green, leaflets thick. Medium growth, fragrant, late blooming, florescence relatively long; a good cultivar. Because yellow pistil loom through red corolla, like jade and pearl, so this cultivar gets this name. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Shui Furong' Crown to globular form, peach red. Flowers medium to big, lateral drooping. Outer petals expanding, with big approximately diamond reddish brown blotches at base, petal back with white middle rib; inner petals corrugated dense. Stamens few, filaments white or tinted with red; carpels normal, stigmas flesh-colored; disc tightly enclosed by the base, light amaranthine. Plants patulous, short, the stems of year short. Medium-sized long leaves, dark green, leaflets thin, entire, lanceolate. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming. Cultivated in Ningwo Village, Lanzhou. It is also called ' Ruanzhi Hong'.

Taoyang Honglou' Crown form, light peach red. Flowers medium size (18cm x 9cm), upright or lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, with approximately elliptic dark amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals many, long obovate, the midlayer' s petals petaloid, black blotches at base with white stripes, disc remaining, serrate, yellow-white; carpels petaloid and green. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, yellowish green, hairy on back, petiole sinus yellowish brown; Growth rate common, with delicate fragrance, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Bian Yumin, named by Li.

'Lixiang' Crown or globular form, dark rosy red. Buds round peach shape,flowers medium size (16cm x 11cm), upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals expanding, with approximately diamond amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals regular and dense. Without stamen, carpels approximately petaloid, stigmas white, disc remaining. Plants high, big and a little patulous. Large-sized long leaves, leaf color dark green. Fast growth, shoots many; fragrant, flowers many, mid-blooming; florescence of single flower relatively long, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[120] Hong Qiangwei, Honglou Huijin, Pingding Kui, Hongguan Yuzan, Hongguan Yudai

'Hong Qiangwei' Golden-heart or crown form, late blooming, flowers like rose form, bright red to amaranthine. Flowers medium small, upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, with approximately long triangle shaped black blotches at base; inner petals many layers, from big to small, with approximately diamond black blotches at base, petals with narrow and white stripes. Filaments long, anthers small, middle to lower part of filaments light purple; carpels 5, stigmas flesh-colored; disc enclosed by the base, yellow-white tinted with purple. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, sparse arrangement, terminal leaflets and the second couple lateral leaflets parted or incised, hairy on back, petiole sinus reddish brown. Growth rate common, much underground shoot, mid-blooming, flowers colorful and many, an excellent cultivar. Cultivated in Ningwo Village, Lanzhou.

'Honglou Huijin' Golden-heart or crown form, amaranthine. Flowers medium size (16cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, petal end corrugated, with approximately round big blackish purple blotches at base, separated, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals raised, narrow, petaloid from the outer to the inner layers; the blotches at the base was separated by the white ribs in the middle of the petals. With many big stamens in the middle, middle to lower part of filaments light purple; carpels normal, stigmas flesh-colored; disc enclosed by the base, pinkish white. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, parted or incised, hairy on back, petiole sinus red. Medium growth, early blooming, an excellent cultivar, Flowers are unable to endure sunshine, part shade loving. Selected, cultivated and named by Li.

'Hongguan Yuzan' Crown form, red or bluish red. Buds round, flowers small (13cm x 7cm). Outer petals expanding, with small red tinge at base; inner petals many corrugation, raised. Stamens remaining, filaments red; carpels petaloid, petal end with white twisted narrow points; without disc remaining, pinkish red. Plants are semi - patulous, the stem of year relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 9, ovate, tinted with brown, hairy on back. Weak growth, fragrant, early blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Pingding Kui' Crown form, red.Flowers medium size (18cm x 8.5cm), upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with approximately elliptic big black or dark reddish brown blotches at base, fringe with penetrate radial stripes; inner petals raised. With big stamens, filaments dark amaranthine; disc partially enclosed by the base, with purple tinge; carpels 5, stigmas red. Plants almost upright, new branches thick, strong and relatively long (40cm), the position of the buds is moved to the upper part. Medium-sized long leaves, leafletslS, big, terminal leaflets 3 splits, the second couple of lateral leaves parted, petiole sinus amaranthine. Medium growth, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. They are sometimes cultivated in Linxia (Zhang Suixiang' s house).

'Hongguan Yudai' Crown form, red. Flowers medium size (18cm x 8cm). Outer petals flat expanding, fringe serrate, with approximately diamond black or amaranthine blotches at base, fringe of the blotches irregular; inner petals many curling, with radicalized white stripes in the middle, the midlayer' s petals obvious, with white slim petals in the middle layer. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels normal or petaloid, disc parted, white or yellow-white disc and stigmas. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year relatively long and soft. Medium-sized long leaves, light green, leaflets many, sparsely arranged. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Hongguan Yinxian' Crown form, red. Flowers big(20cm x 8cm). Outer petals big, 2 layers, with big dark reddish brown blotches at base, penetrate back, petal back with wide, white rib and radiating stripes; inner petals many and raised, medium big, with many white stripes (rib) in the middle of petals, or petal end remaining anthers; middle layers with many petaloid and big stamens, filaments white with purple tinge; carpels 5, stigmas light yellow; 2/3 of disc enclosed, yellow-white. Plants almost upright or semi-patulous, the stems of year relatively long (37cm), thick and strong. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, terminal leaflets and the second couple lateral leaflets parted, hairy on back, petiole sinus yellow. A strong grower, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[121] Hongguan Yinxian, Honglou Sandie, Chengxin, Xinzhuang

'Honglou Sandie' Crown form, red. Buds round, Flowers medium size (18cm x 13cm). Outer petals soft and twisted, with approximately diamond reddish brown blotches at base; inner petals raised, wide and big, the midlayer's petalsmany petaloid, narrow and long. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels green white, stigmas whit; disc partially enclosed by the base, lobed, white. Plants almost upright, the stems of year long (40cm), brown green. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, ellipse, hairy on back. Fast growth, with strong fragrance, late blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Chengxin' Crown form, dark red. Flowers medium size (17cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, flat spreading, with medium big ovate amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals compact, regular, many with white stripes, Big stamens remaining, filaments white or light purple; carpels normal, stigmas yellow or flesh-colored; disc partially enclosed by the base, yellow-white or with pink tinge. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, light green, leaflets 15, a little twisted, hairy on back, petiole sinus brownish red-yellow. Fast growth, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Xinzhuang' Crown form, red. Flowers medium size (16cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals flat expanding , with approximately long ovate small black blotches at base (or dark amaranthine blotches), fringe with radial stripes; inner petals wide, extending and raised, sparse, blotches with white stripes; middle layer many petaloid and big stamens, filaments white; carpels 5, yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized long leaves, flat spreading, leaflets 9, small, dark green, tinted with brown, a little twisted, thick, dense, hairy on back. Fast growth, with strong fragrance, late blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, named by Li.

[122] Honglou Jingmeng, Xiwang Hong, Honglou Jinchai, Yaoxijin, Hong Huang Tai

'Honglou Jingmeng' Crown form, red. Flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm), upright. Outer petals big,2 layers, slanting expanding, with medium big ovate amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals many, dense raised, petals with white stripes. Seldom big stamens, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas white; disc partially enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized round leaves, dark green, leaflets 19, a little twisted, hairy on back, petiole sinus purple brown. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, and an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Honglou Jinchai' Crown form, dark red or rosy red. Flowers medium size, lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, with black blotches at base; inner petals raised, the midlayer's petals narrow, mixed small white petals and white stripes. Stamens few, disc, stigmas red. Plants are semi-patulous, the stem of year relatively long. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, elliptic, dark green, a little involution, hairy on back. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Xiwang Hong' Crown form, dark flesh-colored. Flowers medium size (17cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, regular, expanding, with medium big ovate triangle shaped amaranthine blotches at base, detached, fringe with radial stripes, ribs on the back wide and big; inner petals with obvious layers, central petals big, sparse and raised, the midlayer' s petals thin, narrow and many, some with white middle rib. Without stamen; carpels 8, a little petaloid, stigmas yellow; disc remaining, white. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long, thick and strong, tinted with brown. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green tinted with brown, sparsely arranged, petiole sinus reddish brown. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Cao Xiwang in Lintao; named by Li and Cheng.

'Yaoxijin' ('Jindaiwei') Crown form (Golden-circle form), red. Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, big and spreading, with big purplish penetrate back blotches at base, petal back with white middle rib; inner petals corrugated and dense; many stamens between, inner and outer petals filaments amaranthine; carpels normal, stigmas red; disc partially enclosed by the base, amaranthine. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year relatively long. Medium-sized long leaves, slanting extending, leaf color light green, leaflets long elliptic to lanceolate, sparsely arranged. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar; a traditional cultivar. Cultivated in Lintao, Linxia, Hezheng and Lanzhou.

[123] Fenzhuang Lou, Xiang Hong, Hong Gongdeng, Honglou Xiangcui

'Hong Huang Tai' Crown form, dark red with purple tinge. Hower medium size (16cm x 9cm), upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, fringe many incised, with ovate black small blotches at base; inner petals raised, central petals wide, the midlayer' s petals seldom, often remaining anthers. Without stamen, carpels normal or a little petaloid. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, approximately expanding, yellowish green, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted or incised. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming. Selected and cultivated by Bian Yumin in Lintao; named by Li and He.

'Fenzhuang Lou' Crown or globular form, red. Flower medium size, upright or lateral drooping. Outer petals flat expanding, with round or ovate amaranthine blotches at base, medium big, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals corrugated and dense, with obvious layers, central petals raised, red, the midlayer's petals pinkish white, often mixed with stamens, filaments white. Carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, milky yellow. Plants almost upright, the stems of year short. Medium-sized long leaves, light green, leaflets a little twisted. Medium growth, with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Cultivated in Lintao.

'Hong Gongdeng' Crown to globular form, red in initial bloom; flowers small (14cm x 8cm). Outer petals 2 layers, petals round, with small approximately triangular dark amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals raised, central petals big, the midlayer' s petals narrow, with white stripes (ribs). Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow, petaloid; disc serrate, yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year is relatively long, thick and strong, tinted with brown. Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, light green, involution, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, hairy on back; A strong grower, flowers many, flowers colorful and touching, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Xiang Hong' Crown form, dark red. Flowers medium size (16cm x 7cm), laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big black blotches at base, layer upon layer of inner petals raised, central petals big, black blotches at base with white stripes. Stamens remaining, filaments with light purple tinge; 2/3 of disc enclosed, yellow-white; carpels 5, stigmas a little light yellow or tinted with red. Plants are semi-patulous. New branches relatively long. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 15(19), end leaflets and the second couple of leaflets parted or slits, dark green, dense growth, sparsely hairy on back, petiole sinus reddish brown. Medium growth, with delicate fragrance, flowers many, mid-blooming. Cultivated in Ningwo Village, Lanzhou. It is also called ' Ning' an Hong.'

'Honglou Xiangcui' Crown form, red. Flowers medium size (18cm x 8cm). Outer petals big, 2 layers, with approximately ovate dark amaranthine blotches at base, occupying the whole petals base; inner petals many and raised, middle layer many slim petals or stamen partial petaloid, with white stripes. Stamens remaining, filaments light red; carpels 5, stigmas yellow, or petaloid and green; disc enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year short, thick and strong, with brown tinge. Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, small, involution, dark green, fringe with brown tinge, sparsely hairy on back, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted (slits). Growth rate common, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[124] Fengguan Yuzhu, Xiongshi, Jiali Hongzhuang, ,Wanjin Fugui,

'Fengguan Yuzhu' Crown form, red. Flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm), upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, with small dark amaranthine blotches at base; layer upon layer of inner petals raised, medium big, with many white stripes, the midlayer's petals often petaloid. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas light yellow; disc enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized leaves small, leaflets 9 (15), dark green, end leaflets approximately divided, hairy on back, petiole sinus amaranthine. Mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Xiongshi' Crown form, bluish red. Buds ovate shaped, flower medium size (16cm x 12cm). Outer petals 2 layers, thick, expanding; inner petals many, layer upon layer raised; with medium big purplish brown blotches at base. Without stamen; disc partially enclosed by the base, white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants patulous, the stems of year is relatively long(30cm). Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, expanding, dark green, splits seldom, hairy on back. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming ,a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Jiali Hongzhuang' Approximately crown form, dark red. Flowers small (15cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with approximately round medium big black blotches at base, inner petals a little raised. Many stamens among petals, filaments red; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; bottom of disc enclosed by the base. Plants are relatively patulous, the stems of year relatively long, tinted with brown. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, sparse, yellowish green, incised, petiole sinus brown. Medium growth, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Li.

'Wanjin Fugui' Crown or anemone form, rosy red. Flowers medium size (16cm x 9cm), upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big approximately ovate dark amaranthine blotches at base, petal back with wide and white rib; inner petals many, curled and folding, with small blotches at base, blotches with white stripes. Stamens obvious, filaments amaranthine; carpels 5, stigmas light yellow; disc parted, milky white. Plants high and big (it can reaches 2.35 meters high), semi-patulous, new branches relatively long, axillae tinted with purple. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, involution, incised, dense growth, hairy on back, petiole sinus light yellow. Fast growth, with strong fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Cultivated in Lintao and other places.

[125] Honglou Huancai, Moshushi, Ningyuan Hong, Hongyun Tuqi

'Honglou Huancai' Crown form, red, glistening. Flowers medium to big, laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, big, fringe entire; medium big blackish purple or dark brown blotches at base; layer upon layer of inner petals raised. Stamens few or without stamen, pistils normal or a little petaloid. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets long ellipes, entire, dark green, approximately expanding. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Cultivated in Ningwo Village , Lanzhou.

'Ningyuan Hong' Crown form, dark red to amaranthine. Flowers medium size (18cm x 9cm), laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with medium big approximately elliptic dark brown blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, inner petals big, dense raised. Stamens few, filaments white or light red? carpels 5, stigmas dark red; disc partially enclosed by the base, dark red. Plants are semi-patulous, new branches relatively long (35cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, light green, expanding, sparse, petiole sinus amaranthine. Fast growth, fragrant, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Named by Li, cultivated in Ningwo Villiage, Lanzhou.

'Moshushi' Crown form (or anemone, rose form), bluish red. Buds ovate shaped, flowers middle size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, inner petals corrugated and raised, with big purplish black blotches at base. Many big stamens, filaments thick and long, amaranthine; disc partially enclosed by the base, red; carpels 5, red. Plants relatively patulous, new branches relatively long (30cm), tinted with brown. Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, elliptic, dark green, hairy on back. Medium growth, fragrant, early blooming. Because flower shape and color changeable, so it gets this name. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Hongyun Tuqi' Crown from, red. Flowers medium size, upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals big, 2 layers, expanding, with medium big black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals narrow, anthers remaining. Stamens few, pistils normal. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, long ovate lanceolate, dark green, fringe with brown tinge. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[126] Shouyang Dahong, Zi Zhusha, Zhusha Hong, Yan Chun, Meigui Qianye Hon

'Shouyang Dahong' Crown from, dark red. Flowers medium size, laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with medium big black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; layer upon layer of inner petals raised, the midlayer' s petals fringe serrate. Stamens few or lack, carpels normal. Plants are semi- patulous. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, expanding. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Cultivated in Du Jianzhong' s house, Longxi. Local people also call it 'WeiZi'.

'Zi Zhusha' Crown from, amaranthine to dark amaranthine. Flowers relatively big(20cm x 9cm), many upright. Outer petals big, 2 layers, expanding, with very big ovate to elliptic black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, petal back with white rib; inner petals sparse, sometimes with remaining anther. Few big stamens, middle to lower part of filaments light amaranthine, end white; carpels normal, stigmas amaranthine; disc partially enclosed by the base , lobed, reddish purple. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long. Large-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green tinted with brown, a little twisted, thick, hairy on back, petiole sinus amaranthine. Fast growth, flowers big and many, with delicate fragrance, early blooming, a good cultivar; a traditional cultivar. Lighter colored flowers are called 'Zhusha Hong'. The one whose inner petals is easy to wither in sun is ' Jiaotou Zhusha'. Often seen cultivated in many places.

'Meigui Qianye Hong' Crown form, amaranthine. Flowers small (14cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with small elliptic or approximately triangular black blotches at base; inner petals wide and dense. Stamens remaining; carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, yellow-white, end tinted with purple. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year short, tinted with purple. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15(19), dark green, terminal leaflets parted, lateral leaflets elliptic, lobed or parted, petiole sinus amaranthine. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. A traditional cultivar in Linxia(recorded in Li Yonghu' s home, Niejia Village, Linxia).

'Van Chun' Crown form, amaranthine.Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, flat spreading and expanding; inner petals dense and raised, the midlayer's petals thin and narrow, many with anther remaining, with big black approximately elliptic blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, petal back with white middle rib. Stamens remaining, filaments pinkish red; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed by the base, lobed, amaranthine. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year relatively long. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets expanding, sparse, dark green, thin. Fast growth, with strong fragrance, late mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Fugui Hong' Crown form, amaranthine.Flowers medium size (17cm x 8cm).Outer petals big, 2 layers, with big approximately elliptic black glistening blotches at base; inner petals raised, with light red stripes in the middle part of petals. Middle layer of flowers with big stamens, filaments tinted with purple; carpels 5, stigmas amaranthine; disc partially enclosed by the base, white with purple tinge. Plants are semi-patulous, branches thick and strong. Medium-sized round leaves, yellowish green; leaflets (9)15, small, a little involution, terminal leaflets parted, hairy on back. Medium growth, mid-blooming, fragrant and colorful, a good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Li.

[127] Fugui Hong, Zilou Xiangcui, Taohua Sanzhuan, Meigui Sajin

Taohua Sanzhuan' Crown form, flowers colour from light pinkish blue, light purple turning into pink. Flowers medium small, upright. Outer petals flat spreading, expanding, with medium big approximately diamond dark amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, blotches small at back; inner petals with obvious layers, central petals big, regular, the midlayer' s petals thin and narrow. Stamens remaining, filaments white tinted with pink; carpels normal, yellow-white; disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, yellow with purple tinge. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year short. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets dark green tinted with brown, thick. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. A traditional cultivar. Cultivated in Lintao and Linxia.

'Zilou Xiangcui' Crown form, amaranthine in initial, purple in full bloom. Flowers medium size (16cm x 7cm). Outer petals 2 layers, drooping, with big amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with purple stripes, petal back with wide and white ribs; inner petals corrugated dense, central petals raised, the midlayer's petalssmall, with white stripes, mixed with few stamens, filaments red. Carpels petaloid, slim, colorful and with green blotches, with big reddish brown blotches; disc needle-like, yellow-white. Plants are semi patulous, the stems of year medium thick tinted with brown. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 21(25), dark green or yellowish green, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted to divided, sparsely hairy on back. Growth rate common, with strong fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Meigui Sajin' Crown form, rosy purple. Flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm), upright. Outer petals approximately flat spreading, with big elliptic medium big black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals corrugated and dense, petal end often with remaining anthers, with half-petaloid stamens, filaments amaranthine. Carpels normal, disc tightly enclosed by the base, amaranthine disc and stigmas. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year relatively long. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, expanding, yellowish green, hairy on back. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Unable to endure sunshine, part-shade loving. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[128] Meigui Hong, Zigong Chunxiu, Zilou Xiangjin, Gejin, Zita Dianjin, Arming Zi

'Meigui Hong' Crown form, red tinted with purple.Flow-ers medium size, upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, flat expanding, with ovate or elliptic small black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, petal back with white mid rib; inner petals wide and dense. Stamen remainings, middle to lower parts of filaments light purple; carpels normal, stigmas light pink; disc partially enclosed by the base, lobed, base with reddish purple tinge. Plants are semi - patulous, the stems of year short, thick and strong, tinted with brown. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15(9), dark green, thin, sparse arrangement, hairy on back. Medium growth, flowers many, with strong fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. A traditional cultivar; cultivated in Lintao and Linxia.

'Gejin' Crown or lotus form, reddish purple. Flowers medium size (16cm x 9cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, big, with big approximately elliptic blackish purple blotches at base; inner petals many, regular, layer upon layer raised. Without stamen; carpels normal or petaloid. Plants are semi-patulous, new branches tinted with purple. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, yellowish green, a little involution, incised, petiole sinus light brown. Strong growing, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. A traditional cultivar; cultivated in Lintao.

'Zigong Chunxiu' Crown or golden-circle form, bluish purple. Buds ovate shaped, flowers small ( 14cm x 4cm). Outer petals with medium big black blotches at base, inner petals dense, two sides of the petals' rib white. Stamens many, filaments white; carpels 5-11, many petaloid; disc tightly enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants high and big, approximately upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm), green tinted with brown. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, leaves big, yellowish green, sparsely hairy on back, petiole sinus amaranthine. Medium growth, fragrant, early blooming; a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Zilou Xiangjin' Crown form, purple. Buds ovate shaped, flower medium size (18cm x 1 Ocm). Outer petals big, drooping, with big amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals wide, big and sparse. Stamens remaining, filaments red; carpels normal, stigmas red; disc partially enclosed by the base, red. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm). Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, leaves big, yellowish green, hairy on back. Growth rate common, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Unable to endure sunshine, partial shade loving. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Zita Dianjin' Crown form, purple. Buds round peach-shaped, flowers small (15cm x 10cm). Outer petals 2 layers, expanding drooping, with medium big black blotches at base; inner petals tight, high and erect. Stamens remaining, filaments amaranthine; carpels normal, stigmas red; disc partially enclosed by the base, purple. Plants upright high and big, the stems of year relatively long(30cm). Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, big, dark green, hairy on back. Medium growth, fragrant, late mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[129] Si Weizi, Chenyuan Hong, Xianglu Ziyan, Zilou Shanjin

'Arming Zi' Crown form, bluish purple. Flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm), upright. Outer petals big, 2 layers, with big approximately elliptic amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals raised, with many white stripes in the middle of petals. Stamens remaining, middle to lower part of filaments light purple; carpels normal, disc enclosed by the base, disc and stigma amaranthine. Plants are semi- patulous. Large-sized round leaves, leaflets 9, terminal leaflets 3 divided, leaflets sparse, hairy on back. The side of petiole exposed to the sun is brown, petiole sinus yellowish brown. Medium growth, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Cultivated in Ningwo Village, Lanzhou.

'Si Weizi' Crown form, red purple, petal end suffused with white in full bloom. Flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm), upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals big, with long heart blackish purple blotches at base; inner petals regular, layer upon layer raised, petal end with many incised. Stamens remaining, filaments light purple; carpels normal, bottom of disc enclosed by the base, disc and stigmas amaranthine. Plants are semi- patulous. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, expanding, many incised, light green with brown margin, hairy on back, petiole purple with brown tinge, petiole sinus amaranthine. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Cultivated in Ningwo Village, Lanzhou.

'Xianglu Ziyan' Crown form, red tinted with purple. Flowers big(20cm x 8cm), laterally drooping. Outer petals big, 2 layers, approximately obovate, with big black blotches at base, fringe with purple stripes; inner petals many, raised, blotches divided into two parts by many white stripes; the midlayer' s petals often petaloid and big partial petaloid, with purple blotches at base. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, stigma yellow; disc enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants are semi- patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, small, sparsely hairy on back, and petiole sinus red. Flower color is dark, red tinted with purple, so it gets this name. Fast growth, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Chenyuan Hong' Crown form, red purple. Flowers big (21cm x 10cm), laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, very big, wide and round, with small black blotches at base, fringe with purple stripes, petal back with wide and white rib; inner petals many, layer upon layer of inner petals compact and raised, with big petals in the middle part; middle layer often petaloid, mixed with big stamens, filaments amaranthine. Carpels 5, stigmas flesh-colored; bottom of disc enclosed by the base, with purple tinge. Plants are semi- patulous, branches thick and strong. Large-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, big, dark green, thick, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted, sparsely hairy on back, petiole sinus red brown, the side petiole exposed to the sun is brown. A strong grower, flowers big, dark colored, late blooming, a very excellent cultivar. Li Jiajue named it in May, 2002.

'Zilou Shanjin' Crown form, amaranthine. Flowers medium small (15cm x 6cm), lateral flowers. Outer petals 2 layers, with approximately elliptic black blotches at base, glistening, layer upon layer of inner petals raised, some petals with remaining anthers. Big stamens between inner and outer petals, filaments light red; disc partially enclosed by the base, end serrate, light amaranthine; carpel 5, stigmas red. Plants almost upright, new branches relatively long (32cm), with brown tinge. Medium-sized long leaves, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, margin with brown tinge, hairy on back, petiole and petiole sinus reddish brown. Fast growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[130] Xiao Ou, Manao Pan, Ziguan Yuzhu, Ziguan Yinxian, Ziyan Feishuang, Zihai Weibo

'Ziguan Yuzhu' Crown form, reddish purple. Flowers medium small, laterally drooping. Outer petals expanding, with medium big elliptic black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals raised, with obvious layers. Stamens remaining; carpels normal, disc tightly enclosed. Plants almost upright. Large-sized round leaves, leaflets expanding, light green tinted with brown. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen; named by Chen and Cheng.

'Ziyan Feishuang' Crown form, red tinted with bluish purple. Flowers medium size. Outer petals 2 layers, very big, with big dark brown or black blotches at base, fringe with radial penetrate back stripes, petal back with wide and white rib, with white radial stripes; inner petals wide, big and raised, with white (red) rib in the middle; the midlayer' s petals small. Stamens remaining, middle to lower part of filaments amaranthine (or yellow-white); carpels 5, stigmas light yellow; disc remaining, yellow-white. Plants almost upright. Small-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, green tinted with brown, dense growth, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted, hairy on back. Medium growth, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Cultivated in Linxia.

'Ziguan Yinxian' Crown or globular form, reddish purple. Flowers medium size, upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big blackish brown blotches at base; inner petals wide, layer upon layer raised, petal end with many white stripes. Stamens few or without stamen, without disc, carpels 5-7, stigmas red. Plants are semi- patulous. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted or incised. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Zihai Weibo' Crown form, reddish purple. Flowers small, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, fringe corrugated, with big black blotches at base; inner petals seldom, petal end with many narrow and white stripes.Stamens few, middle to lower part of filaments red; disc nearly enclosed by the base, red; carpels 5, stigmas red. Plants are semi- patulous. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, involution, dark green, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted or incised. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Xiao Ou' Crown form, pinkish blue. Flowers medium size, upright or a little laterally drooping. Outer petals flat expanding, with big ovate amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; layer upon layer of inner petals raised. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels normal, disc remaining, disc and stigmas white. Plants are semi- patulous, the stems of year relatively long. Medium-sized round leaves upright, green tinted with brown, leaflets a little twisted, dense growth. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. A traditional cultivar often seen in Linxia.

'Manao Pan' Crown form, light lilac. Flowers small (diameter of corolla 12-14cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with approximately triangular big blackish purple blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, petal end sinuate, with lilac stripes; inner petals small and slim, blotches occupying 1/2 of petals, mixed with few stamens, anthers big, filaments dark amaranthine; carpels normal, stigmas yellow-white; disc serrate, yellow-white. Plants are semi- patulous, short. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, wide and round, margin brown, hairy on back, petiole sinus light red brown .Medium growth, early blooming, a good cultivar. Often seen in Linxia and Hezheng.

[131] Yinhui Ti, Lintao Manaopan, DaOu

'Yinhui Ti' Crown form, lalic. Flowers medium size (16.5cm x 9cm), upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals big, 2 layers, fringe many slits, with big approximately ovate reddish brown blotches at base; inner petals many, pink with blue stripes, end suffused with white, some with remaining anthers. Stamens remaining, filaments dark amaranthine; carpels 9-10, 2 layers, stigmas milky yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, lobed, yellow-white. Plants are semi- patulous, the stems of year relatively long, thick and strong. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 19, big and thick, dark green, petiole sinus light yellow, hairy on back. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. A traditional cultivar often seen in Lintao.

'Lintao Manaopan' Crown form, pinkish blue, suffused with white in the middle.Flowers medium size (16cm x 9cm), upright or lateral flowers. Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big elliptic amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, petal back with white rib; inner petals raised, with white rib; the midlayer' s petals small suffused with white, with remaining plump stamens, filaments white, middle part light purple; carpels normal, stigmas upside down curves, yellow; disc partially enclosed, lobed, yellow-white. Plants upright, the stems of year short. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, small, dark green, hairy on back, petiole yellowish green. Fast growth, with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. A traditional cultivar in Lintao.

'Da Ou' Crown form, pinkish blue (fringe light colored suffused with white). Flowers medium size (18cm x 9cm), upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals big, with big ovate amaranthine blotches at base, penetrate back, fringe with radial stripes, petal back with white mid rib; inner petals raised, petal end corrugated and dark colored; the midlayer' s petals narrow, light colored. Stamens remaining, filaments amaranthine; carpels more than 5, stigmas yellow; disc serrate, white. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long, thick and strong. Large-sized round leaves, flat spreading, leaflets (11)15, light green with brown margin, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted and thick, hairy on back. Fast growth, shoots many, fragrant, early mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar; often seen cultivated in Linxia.

[132] Jiuzi Zhenzhu Hong, Lanyu Santai, Languan Yuzhu

'DaXueqing' Crown form, lilac. Flowers medium size (16cm x 9cm), upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, with small blackish purple blotches at base, petal back with white mid rib; inner petals many and narrow, with purple blotches at base, fringe serrate. Stamens few, pistils a little petaloid, light green; disc partially enclosed by the base, white with purple tinge. Plants are semi- patulous, new branches with purple tinge. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, narrow and pointed, a little involution, margin many incised, dark green. Fast growth, shoots many, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Often seen cultivated in Lintao.

'Jiuzi Zhenzhu Hong' Crown form, pinkish blue, Flowers medium size (18cm x 7cm), upright or lateral flowers. Outer petals big and expanding, with big ellipse dark amaranthine blotches at base, penetrat back, fringe with radial stripes, petal back with white mid rib; inner central petals wide, the midlayer' s petals with many slim petals or needle like petals, blotches occupying half of petals. Stamens remaining, filaments amaranthine; carpels 9-10, outer layers big, inner layers small, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, serrate, yellow-white. Plants are semi- patulous, the stems of year short. Medium-sized long leaves, light green. Fast growth, shoots middle, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar; a traditional cultivar. Because carpels are 9, it gets this name. Often seen in Linxia.

'Lanyu Santai' Crown form, pinkish blue. Flowers medium size (17cm x 9cm), upright or lateral flowers. Outer petals 2 layers, flat expanding, with big purplish black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner central petals wide and big upright, the midlayer' s petals thin and narrow, suffused with white. Stamens few, filaments white; carpels normal or failed to develop, stigmas milky yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, end serrate, white. Plants are semi- patulous, the stems of year short. Medium-sized round leaves, flat spreading, leaflets 9(15), many incised, thick, hairy on back; Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen, named by Chen and Cheng.

'Languan Yuzhu' Crown form, light blue tinted with red. Flowers big (22cm x llcm), laterally drooping. Outer petals big, 2 layers, wide obovate, with medium big approximately triangular black blotches at base, fringe with purple stripes, petal back with wide and white mid rib; inner petals many, layer upon layer raised, with many white stripe; the midlayer's petals small, often with remaining anthers. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white; disc enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants high and big, approximately upright. Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, a little twisted, dark green tinted with brown, parted or incised, hairy on back, petiole sinus amaranthine. A strong grower, with strong fragrance, early blooming, flowers many, and an excellent cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Chen; named by Chen and Cheng.

[133] Languan Yudai, Lantian Feige, Huoyanshan, Qilian Nongxia

'Languan Yudai' Crown form, light blue. Flowers medium size (17cm x 9cm), laterally drooping. Outer petals big, 2 layers, drooping, with big approximately long ovate black blotches at base, fringe with radial penetrate back stripes, petal back with wide and white rib; inner petals big, petal end parted, black blotches with white stripes, mixed with many big stamens, upper to middle part of filaments blackish purple; the midlayer' s petals thin and narrow, many with white stripes or white slim petals; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc serrate, yellow-white. Plants are semi- patulous, stems thick tinted with brown. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15(23), green tinted with brown, hairy on back, petiole sinus light red. Medium growth, with a light fragrance; mid-blooming; an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Laotian Feige' Crown to globular form, pinkish blue. Flowers small (15cm x 6cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with blackish purple blotches at base; inner central petals big, with white stripes in the middle part of blotches at base; the midlayer' s petals often petaloid, narrow and long, suffused with white. Stamens few, filaments light pink; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed, yellow-white. Plants high and patulous, new branches short. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, a little involution, hairy on back, petiole sinus light yellowish brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Huoyanshan' Crown form, versi - color, fringe white. Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding and regular, with small approximately round black blotches at base; inner petals big, petals with red stripes, the midlayer' s petals small and slim. Stamens few, filaments white, tinted with red; disc partially enclosed, lobed and white; carpels normal, stigmas white. Plants are semi- patulous, new branches is relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, long ovate, dark green, without hair on back. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Qilian Nongxia' Crown form, petals white tinted with reddish purple narrow stripes. Flowers medium size (16cm x 9cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, slanting expanding; inner petals raised and wide, with big reddish brown penetrate back blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes. Stamens few, disc partially enclosed by the base; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants are semi- patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, dark green, margin brown. Growth rate common, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[134] Heping Erqiao, Liuguang Yicai, Huaheshang, Jincheng Niilang,

'Heping Erqiao' Crown form, flowers white stripes alternating with bluish purple stripes, versi- color. Flowers medium size (18cm x 9cm), laterally drooping. Outer petals big, slanting, expanding, with medium big approximately elliptic amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals many, raised and erect, the midlayer' s petals often petaloid, with purple stripes. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow-white, disc partially enclosed by the base, lobed, yellow-white. Plants almost upright. Small-sized long leaves, flat spreading, leaflets 15, dark green, involution, thick and sparse, hairy on back, petiole sinus brown. Medium growth, fragrant, late blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Huaheshang' Crown form, white with bluish purple narrow stripes, versi- color. Flowers medium size (17cm x 7cm), upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, flat expanding, with medium big amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals many, narrow and long, center petals big, petals with bluish purple stripes. Stamens few, filaments white; carpels 6, stigmas yellow, or petaloid; disc yellow-white. Plants are semi- patulous, Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, a little involution, dark green, hairy on back, petiole sinus yellowish brown to light brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, late mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Li, cultivated in Tree Garden, Lanzhou.

'Liuguang Yicai' Crown form, pink with blue stripes. Flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm), upright or laterally drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, with medium big irregular blotches at base; inner petals many and dense, central petals raised, the midlayer' s petals petaloid; the middle part of petals with many blue stripes. Stamens few, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, serrate. Plants are semi- patulous. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, light green, parted or incised, hairy on back, petiole sinus yellow. A strong grower, with delicate fragrance, late blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[135] Fengchu, Heping Baixiuqiu, Bailong Woxue, Bingshan Feicui

Globular Form

'Jincheng Nulang' Crown form, bluish red. Buds ovate shaped, flowers medium size (17cm x 10cm). Petals big and well-distributed, inner petals big and dense, with big ovate purplish black blotches at base. Stamens remaining, filaments white or light red; carpels normal, stigmas light red; disc partially enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants almost upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, ovate shaped, dark green, hairy on back. Strong growing, with a light fragrance, early mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen, and internationally registered by Cheng.

'Heping Baixiuqiu' Globular form, pure white. Flowers medium size (18cm x 7cm). Outer petals 2 layers, with approximately long triangle shaped amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals medium big, with big stamens, filaments long and with purple tinge. Carpels 5, stigmas yellow, a little variation, disc white. Plants are semi- patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15 (19), dark green, sparsely hairy on back, vein base with many hair, petiole sinus yellowish brown. A strong grower, with delicate fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Fengchu' Globular form, white. Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals flat expanding; inner petals compact, end parted, the midlayer's petals obvious and small; with very big approximately elliptic dark reddish brownish blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, petal back with white rib. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed by the base, lobed, yellow-white. Plants almost upright, the stems of year short. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets a little twisted, parted, light green, sparsely arranged. Commonly growing, mid-blooming, with a light fragrance, an excellent cultivar. It is cultivated in Lanzhou, Lintao and other places.

'Bingshan Feicui' Globular form, white. Flowers medium size (16cm x 9cm), lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with medium big approximately triangle shaped or ovate amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals many, corrugated and compact. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels often green and petaloid, disc white. Plants upright, high and big, the stem of year relatively long. Large-sized round leaves, slanting expanding, leaflets 15, dark green, plump, a little twisted, a little dense, hairy on back. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Bailong Woxue' Globular form, white. Flowers medium to big (19cm x 10cm), lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, petals big, with approximately ovate amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals many, petal end many slits. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, serrate, yellow-white. Plants are semi- patulous, the stems of year relatively long (36cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, involution, hairy on back. Vigorously growing, shoots many; with a light fragrance, late mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected and cultivated by Bian Yumin, named by Li.

[136] Jinbo Dangyang, Lü Hudie, Huangshan Chenxi, Tianmi de Meng

'Jinbo Dangyang' Globular form, white. Buds round peach-shaped, flowers small (15cm x 8cm). Outer petals 2 layers, with big amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals many, petal ends corrugated, many remaining anthers. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants almost upright, the stems of year is relatively long (30cm). Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Medium growth, shoots many, fragrant, early blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Lü Hudie' Crown or globular form, white. Flowers small (14cm x 6cm), upright or lateral drooping. Outer petals big and expanding, with approximately triangle shaped purplish black blotches at base; inner petals wide and corrugated, some petal ends with green blotches, seldom petals green. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels normal, disc enclosed by the base, disc and stigma all yellow-white. Plants are semi- patulous, short, the stems of year short. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets a little twisted, thick. Flower with a dense fragrance, mid-blooming, and a good cultivar; often seen in Linxia, cultivated in Hezheng, Kangle and Lintao. Petal ends often with green blotches, so gets this named. It is also called 'LU Mudan' in Lintao.

'Huangshan Chenxi' Globular form, light yellow. Buds round peach-shape, flowers small (15cm x 10cm). Petals many, small and well distributed, with medium big reddish brown blotches at base. Without stamen, without disc, stigmas yellow. Plants upright, new branches relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Common growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Tianmi de Meng' Globular form, dark pink in initial bloom, lighter in full bloom. Buds round peach-shaped, flower medium size, upright or lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, with black or reddish brown blotches at base; layer upon layer of inner petals small and raised. Stamens few, carpels 10, a little petaloid. Plants are relatively patulous, the stems of year relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, elliptic, dark green, a little involution, hairy on back. Common growth, shoots seldom; with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Tianshan Xianü' Globular form, pink, Buds round peach-shaped, flowers medium size (17cm x 14cm). Petals big and well-distributed, fringe pink, many dark red stripes in the middle, with big approximately round blotches at base. Stamens few, disc short, carpels normal, stigmas yellow. Plants patulous, the stems of year relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[137] Tianmi de Meng, Fen Xishi, Fenghua Zhengmao, Tianshan Xianü

'Fen Xishi' Globular form, light pink, petal end light color. Flowers medium size (18cm x 7.5cm). lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, flat expanding, with medium big approximately diamond reddish brown blotches at base; inner petals many, corrugated and dense, with white rib in the middle. Stamens big, filaments white; carpels normal, stigmas milky yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, lobed to parted, white. Plants are semi- patulous, the stems of year short, thick and strong. Medium-sized round leaves, leaf color light green, leaflets 9, dense, wide and round, plump, sparsely hairy on back. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar, a traditional cultivar. Cultivated in Linxia and Lintao.

'Fenghua Zhengmao' Globular form, pink. Buds round peach-shaped, flower medium size (17cm x 11cm). Outer petals big and expanding, with big reddish brown blotches at base; inner petals raised, without stamen. Disc remaining, stigmas yellow. Plants almost upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm). Small-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Zui Yangfei' Globular form, pinkish red. Flowers medium small, upright. Outer petals big, flat spreading, petal end with many slits, with big ovate reddish brownish blotches at base, petal back with white rib in the middle; inner petals wide and raised. Stamens normal, filaments white; carpels 5-8, stigmas white, or green and petaloid. Plants are semi- patulous, the stems of year relatively short. Large-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green tinted with brown, dense arrangement. Fast growth, shoots strong; with delicate fragrance, late mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. A traditional cultivar, cultivated in Lintao, Kangle and other places.

[138] Sufenling, Meiren Jiao, Danyun Zhuang, Liuxing Ganyue, Taohong Xiuqiu, Zui Yanzhi

'Sufenling' Globular form, or approximately rose form, pink. Buds ovate, flowers medium size (17cm x 14cm), upright. Petals big and well-distributed, with big blackish purple or amaranthine blotches at base. Stamens few, filaments yellow-white; disc partially enclosed by the base, yellow-white; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants patulous, the stems of year green, relativly long (30cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, a little involution, hairy on back. Medium growth, shoots seldom; with a light fragrance; mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Danyun Zhuang' Globular form, pink. Flowers medium size, upright or lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, small, with small black blotches at base, layer upon layer of inner petals many and raised, the midlayer' s petals serrate, sinus with remaining anthers or blue stripes. Stamens few; carpels normal or degenerate. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, expanding, terminal leaflets 3 parted, lateral leaflets entire. Medium growth, with a light fragrance; mid-blooming, a good cultivar. It is cultivated in Du Jianzhong Garden, Longxi.

'Meiren Jiao' Globular form, dark pink. Flowers medium size (18cm x 9cm), lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers that curve outwards, petal end parted, with big dark brownish amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; layer upon layer of inner petals many, dense and raised. Carpels normal, stigmas flesh-colored; bottom of disc enclosed by the base, with purple tinge. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year long (54cm). Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, expanding, terminal leaflets parted. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, flowers many, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. It is cultivated in Du Jianzhong Garden, Longxi.

'Liuxing Ganyue' Crown to globular form, pink. Flowers medium size, lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, small; inner petals many, petal end serrate; with medium big black purple blotches at base, fringe with purple stripes. Stamens few, filaments light red; disc partially enclosed by the base, carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, a little involution. Medium growth, good adaptability; with a light fragrance, early mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

Taohong Xiuqiu' Globular form, or crown form, peach red. Buds long peach-shaped, flowers small, upright or lateral open. Outer petals 2 layers, drooping; inner petals wide and compact, with approximately ovate reddish brown blotches at base. Stamens few, filaments white; carpels normal, stigmas yellow; disc enclosed by the base, lobed, white. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year relatively long. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets dark green, lobed. Fast growth, with strong fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. A traditional cultivar in Lintao.

[139] Liu Chun, Jiuzhou Hong, Heping Hongxiuqiu, Jincheng Hong

'Zui Yanzhi' Globular form or crown form, carmine. Flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm). Outer petals 2 layers, expanding, with big black blotches at base, penetrate bake; layer upon layer of inner petals many and raised; petal base with narrow and long blackish purple blotches, blotches often with white stripes. Sometimes there is a circle of normal stamens between inner and outer petals, filaments blackish purple. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year tinted with purple. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, lanceolate, dark green, dense growth, hairy on back, petiole sinus red brown. Medium growth, with a delicate fragrance, flower color delicate and charming, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Cultivated in Linxia.

'Jiuzhou Hong' Globular form, dark red. Flowers medium size (17cm x 8cm), lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, petal end many slits, with big diamond to elliptic black blotches at base, glistening; central petals wide and big, entire, the midlayer's petals many, base blotches divided into two parts by white stripes. Stamens few or lack; disc partially enclosed by the base, serrate, yellow-white tinted with purple; carpels 5, stigmas yellow tinted with brown. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year thick and strong, green tinted with brown, relatively long(35cm). Small-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, ovate lanceolate, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, hairy on back, petiole sinus reddish brown. Slow growing, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Li and He.

'Heping Hongxiuqiu' Globular form, red. Buds round peach-shaped. Flowers medium small (15cm x 12cm). Outer petals soft, twisted and drooping, with big approximately elliptic amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals many, rugate, raised. Stamens remaining; carpels green white, stigmas white tinted with red; disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, red. Plants almost upright, the stems of year long (40cm), brownish green. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, dark green, hairy on back. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Liu Chun' Globular form, bright red. Buds round peach-shaped, flowers big (20cm x 15cm). Petals big and well-distributed, fringe corrugated, with big black blotches at base. Without stamen, without disc, carpels petaloid and green. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long (38cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back Medium growth or a little faster, fragrant late blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected cultivated and named by Chen.

'Jincheng Hong' Globular form, rosy red. Buds rounc peach-shaped, flowers medium size (16crr x 12cm). Outer petals straight and regular with medium big black blotches at base: inner petals narrow, long and raised, anthers remaining. Stamens few, filaments red; carpels normal, stigmas red; disc partially enclosed by the base, yellow-white. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm), brownish green. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Medium growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[140] Ziyan Lingkong, Mo Yun, Diaochan Baiyue, Heping Lan, Baoshi Lan, Lan Xiuqiu

'Ziyan Lingkong' Crown form or globular form, or proliferation flower form, reddish purple. Flowers medium size, lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, small, with reddish brown blotches at base; inner petals narrow, soft and twisted. Stamens few or lack; without disc, carpels petaloid and often incomplete. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, approximately expanding, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted or incised, petiole sinus light brown. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Mo Yun' Globular form, dark amaranthine. Buds round peach-shaped, flowers medium size, upright or lateral drooping. Petals big and well-distributed, with black tinge, with reddish brown blotches at base. Without stamen, carpels 5, stigmas amaranthine; disc enclosed by the base, purple. Plants almost upright, new branches relatively long (30cm). Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, ovate, hairy on back. Medium growth, fragrant, early blooming; an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Diaochan Baiyue' Globular form, red with blue tinge. Buds round peach-shaped, flowers medium small (15cm x 11cm), lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, with small black blotches at base; inner petals size well-balanced, raised. Stamens few, filaments light purple; disc partially enclosed by the base, stigmas yellow. Plants almost upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets dark green, hairy on back. Common growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Heping Lan' Globular form, blue (petal base dark, end light). Flowers medium size, upright. Outer petals flat expanding, with medium big ovate amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals wide and even. Stamens few, filaments white; carpels normal, disc closely enclosed by the base. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long. Large-sized round leaves, flat spreading, dark green, leaflets expanding, thick. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Baoshi Lan' Globular form or near rose form, light blue. Buds round peach-shaped, flowers medium size (17cm x llcm), flowers lateral drooping. Outer petals 2 layers, regular expanding, with medium big approximately ovate amaranthine blotches at base; inner petals are similar to outer petals, blotches small, with white stripes. Stamens few or lack; carpels 5-9, normals or petaloid; disc partially enclosed by the base, lobed, pinkish white or with purple tinge. Plants almost upright, the stems of year short. Medium-sized long leaves small, leaflets 15, dark green, involution, terminal leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaflets parted or incised, hairy on back, petiole sinus red brown. Medium growth, fragrant, early blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[141] Xueqing Xiuqiu, Jinhua Xiuqiu, Longyuan Zhuangshi

'Lan Xiuqiu' Globular form, blue. Buds round, flowers medium size. Outer petals 2 layers, drooping, with medium big purplish black blotches at base, ovate; inner petals raised and compact. Without stamen; carpels 9, some petaloid, stigmas white; disc partially enclosed by the base, parted, white. Plants are semi-patulous, the stem of year relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, hairy on back. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Jinhua Xiuqiu' Globular or crown form, red. Flowers medium to small-sized (15cm x 7cm), upright or lateral. Outer petals a little big, irregular black purple blotcher at base, wide white stripes at back; inner petals raised, remanent anther at end of petals, middle part of petals with white stripes. There are many striped petals between outer and inner petals, lobed and with remanent anther; stamens abnormal, filaments light purple. Carpels normal, stigmas incarnate; disc enclose, yellow-white. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets wide round, dark green, lobed, sparsely hairy on back, petiole green. Medium growth, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Traditional cultivar in Linxia.

'Xueqing Xiuqiu' Globular form, light lilac. Flowers medium size (18cm x 9cm), upright. Outer petals 2 layers, with approximately diamond black blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; layer upon layer of inner petals raised, central petals big; the midlayer' s petals many, end serrate, blotches with red stripes. Stamens remaining, filaments white; disc partially enclosed by the base, end serrate; carpels 5, stigmas yellow. Plants are semi-patulous, new branches relatively long (40cm), tinted with brown. Small-sized leaves, leaflets 9, many parted, hairy on back, petiole sinus light yellow or brown. Fast growth, with delicate fragrance, late blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated by Bian Yumin, named by Li.

'Longyuan Zhuangshi' Globular form, red alternating with purple, purple suffused with white. Flowers big (20cm x 15cm). Outer petals big, flat spreading, expanding, with medium big approximately diamond reddish brown blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; inner petals big, corrugated and dense. Stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5-6, stigmas yellow; disc partially enclosed by the base, lobed, pink. Plants are semi-patulous, the stem of year relatively long (30cm). Medium-sized round leaves, flat spreading, leaflets 15, dark green, a little twisted, thick, hairy on back. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen, and internationally registerered by Cheng.

[142] Motong Xijin, Jinrui Cuitai, Lian Chun, Yuhu Bingxin

'Motong Xijin' Lotus proliferation form, dark red. Flowers medium size (16cm x 10cm), upright. Lower-flower petals 4 layers, expanding, with medium big ovate or approximately diamond black or reddish brown blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes, petal back with white stripe mid rib; stamens many or a great many, middle to lower part of filaments amaranthine, carpels 9, remaining or petaloid. Upper petals few but wide, spreading and raised, flower center with many stamens, most carpels degenerated or petaloid, disc amaranthine. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year relatively long. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, green tinted with brown, many incised, sparsely arranged, sparsely hairy on back, petiole sinus amaranthine. Fast growth, fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar, a traditional cultivar. Recorded in Zhang Tianbao father's Peony Garden, Linxia.

'Lian Chun' Rose proliferation form or rose form, bluish red. Buds ovate, flowers middle size, upright or lateral drooping. Outer petals of the lower-flower expanding and regular, with big black blotches at base; without stamens, disc partially enclosed by the base, white; carpels 5-9, often petaloid. The upper flower petals 2-3 layers, with few stamens; carpels becomes smaller. Plants upright, the stems of year relatively long (30cm), brownish green. Small-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, long ovate, end leaflets 3 parted, dark green, involution, hairy on back. Medium growth, shoots seldom; with a light fragrance, late blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Jinrui Cuitai' Crown proliferation form, but single proliferation flower often seen, milky white. Flowers medium size (16cm x 7cm), upright. Outer petals of the lower flowers 2 layers, with elliptic or irregular big amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; stamens many and big, filaments yellow-white or middle amaranthine, or partially petaloid or sometimes most petaloid; carpels 8-10, petaloid and colored; disc apocarpous, triangle shaped, yellow-white. The upper flower small, often made up of more than 20 stamens and 3-5 carpels - derived petaloids, disc long serrate. Plants almost upright. Medium-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, involution, terminal leaflets and the second couple lateral leaves parted, hairy on back. Medium growth, mid-blooming, a good cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Li.

'Yuhu Bingxin' Crown proliferation form, anemone or crown form, but lateral flowers or flowers on the lower part often are single white proliferation form. Flowers a little big, but upright. Outer petals of the lower-flower expanding, with big approximately elliptic dark red blotches at base, petal back with obvious wide and white mid rib; inner petals narrow or wide, soft and twisted; carpels petaloid, blotches bright red, disc remaining. The upper-flower simply structured, carpel degenerate, often mixed with many stamens, filaments white.

Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year relatively long. Large-sezed long Leaves, leaflets 15, a little big, dark green, petiole sinus light red. Flower color white, flowers big and many, light fragrant, late mid-blooming. A traditional good cultivar, often cultivated in Linxia.

[143] Fotou Qing, Xiulou Xiangcui

'Fotou Qing' Crown proliferation form, yellow in inital bloom, light yellow turning into white in full bloom. Flowers medium size (16cm x 8cm), upright. Outer petals of the lower-flower 2 layers, flat spreading, with medium big approximately elliptic purplish red blotches at base; inner petals raised and expanding, blotches are 1/2 the length of petals, white rib in the middle, the midlayer's petals small; stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels 5, degenerate to flake shape, light yellow, stigmas light green, or totally petaloid and green, big blackish purple blotches divided by white stripes; disc remaining. The upper-flower only with few petals, with more than one hundred stamens among them. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year long, thick and strong, stems and petiole yellowish green. Medium-sized long leaves, binate or ternate compound leaves, dark green tinted with brown, leaflets a little twisted, sparsely arranged, sparse hairy on back, venation base with many hair, petiole sinus light yellow. Medium growth, with strong fragrance, late blooming, an very excellent cultivar. It is a good traditional cultivar in Linxia.

'Xiulou Xiangcui' Globular proliferation form, pinkish red. Flowers medium size (16cm x 11cm). The lower-flower outer petals 2 layers, medium big, with approximately ovate amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with penetrate back purple stripes; layer upon layer of inner petals many and raised, central petals very big, the midlayer' s petals small, amaranthine blotches at base are obvious on the two sides of the petals; carpels 5, petaloid, colorful and with big green points, disc small triangle, yellow-white. The upper-flower has many petals about 10 outer big petals mixed with some small membranaceous petals; carpels small, partially petaloid or degenerate. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, medium big, yellowish green, end leaflets and the second couple of lateral leaves parted, hairy on back, petiole sinus yellowish brown. Medium growth, late blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

[144] Fenlou Piaocai, Ziqi Dongsheng, Chahua Zhuangyuan, Wucai Zixiuqiu

'Fenlou Piaocai' Crown proliferation from, pinkish red. Flowers medium size (17cm x 11cm), lateral drooping. The lower-flower outer petals 2 layers, with approximately round amaranthine blotches at base, fringe with purple stripes; inner petals many and big, mixed with needle like petals, carpel-deried petaloids about 10. The upper-flower made up of medium-sized petals and a little plump stamens(middle to lower parts of filaments light red); center is made of small green petals or degenerate carpel. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year a little short (28cm), thick and strong. Large-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, plump, dark green, terminal leaflets and the second couple lateral leaflets parted, sparsely hairy on back, petiole sinus reddish brown. Medium growth, flowers heavy, drooping, late blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

'Ziqi Dongsheng' Crown proliferation form (or crown form), bluish purple. Buds round, flowers medium size (16cm x 10cm), lateral drooping. Outer petals of the lower-flower 2 layers, drooping, with amaranthine big blotches at base, radial stripe; inner petals regular, dense, raised, the midlayer' s petals thin and narrow (petaloid), with white rib; stamens remaining, filaments white; carpels abnormal or totally petaloid. The upper-flower small, carpels petaloid. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year relatively long (30cm), dark green tinted with brown. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 9, brown green, a little twisted, thick, a little dense, hairy on back. Medium growth, a little fragrant, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar; flowers tall and erect. Selected and cultivated by Chen, and named by Chen and Cheng.

'Chahua Zhuangyuan' Crown proliferation from (or crown form), amaranthine. Flowers medium to mall, lateral drooping. Outer petals of the lower-flower 2 layers, flat, expanding; inner petals a little wide, dense and raised, with brown red diamond blotches at base, fringe with radial stripes; stamens remaining, filaments pink; carpels petaloid. The upper-flower small, with few petals, stamens and carpels. Plants are semi-patulous, the stems of year short. Large-sized round leaves, leaflets 15, a little twisted, light green, a little dense, petiole sinus yellowish brown. Fast growth, with strong fragramce, mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar; a traditional cultivar, it is also called ' Chahua Zhuangyuan'. It is cultivated in Lintao and other places.

'Wucai Zixiuqiu' Crown proliferation from (color petal proliferation form), amaranthine. Flowers medium to small, upright or lateral. Outer petals of the lower-flower 2 layers, regular; inner petals corrugated and raised, with amaranthine blotches at base; carpel 5-8, petaloid, red and white colored ones. The upper-flower small which are composed of few petals, stamens and degenerate carpels. Plants are semi-patulous. Medium-sized long leaves, leaflets 15, dark green, involution. Medium growth, with a light fragrance, late mid-blooming, an excellent cultivar. Selected, cultivated and named by Chen.

next: 7. Xinan Cultivar Group